The current state of introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination into national immunisation schedules in Europe: first results of the VENICE2 2010 survey.

The Venice 2 human papillomavirus vaccination survey evaluates the state of introduction of the HPV vaccination into the national immunisation schedules in the 29 participating countries. As of July 2010, 18 countries have integrated this vaccination. The vaccination policy and achievements vary among those countries regarding target age groups, delivery infrastructures and vaccination coverage reached. Financial constraints remain the major obstacle for the 11 countries who have not yet introduced the vaccination

A Liberal Tide: Towards A Paradigm Shift in Latin American Migration and Asylum Policy-Making?

This international conference set out to chart new trends in migration, asylum and policymaking in Latin America. The key question behind the conference was whether the migration and asylum policies developed in Latin America over the past decade offer a new model distinct from the increasingly restrictive and securitized policies of European and North American States. The key questions the conference sought to tackle were the following: Is Latin America moving towards a liberal exceptionalism in the field of migration and asylum policy-making? And if so, what explains this liberal paradigm shift? Regional and country specific perspectives where presented through four panels, which brought together leading specialists from Latin America, the US and Europe to showcase and debate these novel developments

CONFERENCE REPORT A Liberal Tide: Towards A Paradigm Shift in Latin American Migration and Asylum Policy-Making?

This international conference set out to chart new trends in migration, asylum and policy-making in Latin America. The key question behind the conference was whether the migration and asylum policies developed in Latin America over the past decade offer a new model distinct from the increasingly restrictive and securitized policies of European and North American States. The key questions the conference sought to tackle were the following: Is Latin America moving towards a liberal exceptionalism in the field of migration and asylum policy-making? And if so, what explains this liberal paradigm shift? Regional and country specific perspectives where presented through four panels, which brought together leading specialists from Latin America, the US and Europe to showcase and debate these novel developments

Protecting Trafficked Persons through Refugee Protection

This paper critically engages with the long-term protection of trafficked persons. In particular, it assesses whether, and the conditions under which, trafficked persons can be considered as refugees under Article 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention. The importance of international refugee law in this context is highlighted both by the number of trafficked persons seeking international protection and by its suitability to overcome the shortcomings of existing protection provisions in anti-trafficking instruments, which remain discretionary, conditional, and limited in scope. The paper begins by discussing the relevance of refugee protection for trafficked persons. It then applies the various components of the refugee definition to trafficked persons, focusing on the concepts of persecution and membership of a particular social group. Within these, it focuses on aspects of the debate that are currently missing from the broader literature. This includes the question of whether trafficking qua trafficking meets the threshold of persecution and the value of developments in international law in that regard, the merit of using race as a convention ground in cases of trafficked persons, and the contribution of legislative developments recognizing former victims of trafficked persons as members of a particular social group. It then concludes by highlighting the benefits of refugee protection for trafficked persons and indicating the challenges on the road to that protection

The Human Rights of Smuggled Migrants and Trafficked Persons in the Un Global Compacts on Migrants and Refugees

On 19 September 2016, the UNGA adopted the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants through which States committed to developing two compacts: one on refugees and one on safe, orderly and regular migration. The Zero Drafts of the compacts were published on 31 January 2018 and 5 February 2018, respectively. The move towards the discussion and adoption of the global compacts comes in part in recognition of the unprecedented number of displaced persons (and human mobility more generally) around the globe and cynically in response to the number of would be asylum seekers that arrived on Europe's shores over the past three years. This paper seeks to engage with what the global compacts should seek to achieve in relation to smuggling and trafficking and whether there is room for cautious optimism in what might be achieved by the compacts in relation to the protection of smuggled migrants and trafficked persons. In so doing, it focuses on the potential of the compacts within the existing framework of the UN protocols against human smuggling and human trafficking