The coupling of South American soybean and cattle production frontiers: new challenges for conservation policy and land change science

Different drivers and places of land use change in South America have often been studied in isolation. Evidence suggests, however, that in many instances, both places and drivers are becoming increasingly interconnected. The growing diversification and internationalization of agricultural commodity chains is creating new linkages across production frontiers and sectors that have important implications for conservation. In this article, we explore the implications of the sectoral and geographical coupling of soybean and cattle production frontiers for forest conservation in South America, with particular attention to the potential for policy-induced deforestation leakage. We conclude that the existence of coupled frontiers creates a need for more actor-centered approaches to conservation policy and research.Fil: Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Le Polain de Waroux, Yann. University Of Stanford; Estados Unido

Agents of Forest Disturbance in the Argentine Dry Chaco

Forest degradation in the tropics is a widespread, yet poorly understood phenomenon. This is particularly true for tropical and subtropical dry forests, where a variety of disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic, affect forest canopies. Addressing forest degradation thus requires a spatially-explicit understanding of the causes of disturbances. Here, we apply an approach for attributing agents of forest disturbance across large areas of tropical dry forests, based on the Landsat image time series. Focusing on the 489,000 km2 Argentine Dry Chaco, we derived metrics on the spectral characteristics and shape of disturbance patches. We then used these metrics in a random forests classification framework to estimate the area of logging, fire, partial clearing, riparian changes and drought. Our results highlight that partial clearing was the most widespread type of forest disturbance from 1990–to 2017, extending over 5520 km2 (±407 km2), followed by fire (4562 ± 388 km2) and logging (3891 ± 341 km2). Our analyses also reveal marked trends over time, with partial clearing generally becoming more prevalent, whereas fires declined. Comparing the spatial patterns of different disturbance types against accessibility indicators showed that fire and logging prevalence was higher closer to fields, while smallholder homesteads were associated with less burning. Roads were, surprisingly, not associated with clear trends in disturbance prevalence. To our knowledge, this is the first attribution of disturbance agents in tropical dry forests based on satellite-based indicators. While our study reveals remaining uncertainties in this attribution process, our framework has considerable potential for monitoring tropical dry forest disturbances at scale. Tropical dry forests in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia are some of the fastest disappearing ecosystems on the planet, and more robust monitoring of forest degradation in these regions is urgently needed.Peer Reviewe

Estructura y dinámica de bosques de palo santo en el Chaco Seco

El conocimiento de la estructura y la dinámica de las poblaciones de Bulnesia sarmientoi ("palo santo") es necesario para una gestión forestal capaz de conservar la especie, asegurar la producción maderera de alta calidad y preservar los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan los bosques donde se encuentra. Se caracterizó la estructura y la dinámica forestal en bosques con presencia de palo santo en el norte del Chaco Seco argentino. Se establecieron 21 conglomerados compuestos cada uno por cuatro juegos de parcelas concéntricas de 1000 m² (diámetro >20 cm) y 500 m² (diámetro >10 cm), ubicadas en los vértices de un cuadrado de 100 m de lado. Los conglomerados se midieron en 2007 y 2012. Se realizaron cálculos de parámetros estructurales y del índice devalor de importancia de cada especie en cada conglomerado. Se hallaron tres estructuras típicas: a) palosantales de bañado, b) palo cruz con palo santo, y c) bosque chaqueño con presencia de palo santo. A partir de la remediciónde los árboles de palo santo se calculó un incremento periódico anual de 1.14 mm/año. Tomando como referencia la estructura de un conglomerado con palo santo que fue aprovechado entre mediciones se realizaron simulaciones de intervenciones alternativas (remoción de 80% de individuos de todas las clasesdiamétricas o aplicación de restricción de diámetro >40 cm) sobre la dinámica del rodal. Las proyecciones a 50 años muestran que la corta de 80% es muy severa, lo que indicaría que los aprovechamientos de tamaños menores para postes pueden comprometer la recuperación del rodal. En las cortas centradas en los tamaños mayores se lograría una recuperación en 50 años. En función de nuestros resultados, se sugiere un enfoque de uso de la especie centrado en productos de gran tamaño y con el mayor valor agregado posible.Structure and dynamics of palo santo forests in the Dry Chaco. Knowledge on the structure and dynamics of Bulnesia sarmientoi (“palo santo”) populations is necessary for forest management aimed at the conservation and high-quality timber production by this species and the preservation of the ecosystem services of its forests. We characterized forest structure and dynamics in stands with palo santo presence in the Nothern Argentinian Dry Chaco. We sampled 21 forest sampling clusters. Each forest sampling cluster includes four sets of concentric circular plots of 1000 m² (diameter >20 cm) and 500 m² (diameter >10 cm), located at the vertices of a square of 100 m side. Forest clusters were measured in 2007 and 2012. We calculated the importance value index (IVI) of each species in each conglomerate. We identified three typical structures with palo santo: a) palosantales in regularly flooded soils, b) palo cruz con palo santo, and c) Chaco mixed forest with the presence of palo santo. Periodic annual increment in diameter was 1.14 mm for all diameter classes. Taking as a reference the structure of a conglomerate with palo santo that was selective logged, we simulated alternative interventions (80% removal of all diameter classes or a diameter restriction of >40 cm) on stand dynamics. Cutting of 80% of the trees was a very severe intervention, suggesting that the removal of the smallest sizes for rural construction could compromise the recovery of the stand. A minimum size restriction could warrant recovery in 50 years. We suggest that the harvest of palo santo trees should be focused on large individuals with the highest added value potential.Fil: Loto, Dante Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Azcona, Maximiliano. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Santiago. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Spagarino, Carlos. Parque Nacional Río Pilcomayo; Argentin

Differences in production, carbon stocks and biodiversity outcomes of land tenure regimes in the Argentine Dry Chaco

Rising global demand for agricultural products results in agricultural expansion and intensification, with substantial environmental trade-offs. The South American Dry Chaco contains some of the fastest expanding agricultural frontiers worldwide, and includes diverse forms of land management, mainly associated with different land tenure regimes; which in turn are segregated along environmental gradients (mostly rainfall). Yet, how these regimes impact the environment and how trade-offs between production and environmental outcomes varies remains poorly understood. Here, we assessed how biodiversity, biomass stocks, and agricultural production, measured in meat-equivalents, differ among land tenure regimes in the Dry Chaco. We calculated a land-use outcome index (LUO) that combines indices comparing actual vs. potential values of 'preservation of biodiversity' (PI), 'standing biomass' (BI) and 'meat production' (MI). We found land-use outcomes to vary substantially among land-tenure regimes. Protected areas showed a biodiversity index of 0.75, similar to that of large and medium-sized farms (0.72 in both farming systems), and higher than in the other tenure regimes. Biomass index was similar among land tenure regimes, whereas we found the highest median meat production index on indigenous lands (MI = 0.35). Land-use outcomes, however, varied more across different environmental conditions than across land tenure regimes. Our results suggest that in the Argentine Dry Chaco, there is no single land tenure regime that better minimizes the trade-offs between production and environmental outcomes. A useful approach to manage these trade-offs would be to develop geographically explicit guidelines for land-use zoning, identifying the land tenure regimes more appropriate for each zone.Environmental Conservation Found of the Argentina Galicia BankEinstein Stiftung Berlin 10.13039/501100006188The German Federal Ministry of Education and ScienceGerman Research FoundationArgentina National Agency of Science and Technological ResearchRufford Foundation 10.13039/100007463Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas 10.13039/501100002923Peer Reviewe

Characterization of forest carbon stocks at the landscape scale in the Argentine Dry Chaco

One of the most proposed climate change mitigation strategies is carbon sequestration by vegetation. This depends on the rate of carbon uptake and transformation in biomass, the rate of release through respiration, and the stability of the stocks to disturbances. Forest diversity influences these factors, in a degree that varies according to certain functional characteristics. The Dry Chaco is the largest dry forest in the world, and one of the regions with the highest deforestation rates of the planet. Our aim was to geographically describe three carbon stock attributes from forest communities of the Dry Chaco Forests in Argentina at the landscape scale: wood density, tree height and annual carbon increase in aboveground biomass, as proxies of forest stability and carbon long-term persistence. In addition, we evaluated the relationships between these attributes and climate features, in the search of potential climate controls. Higher precipitation during the growing season and low mean annual temperature benefited the combination of these three treats related to C storage persistence. The distribution of the most favorable states of the three attributes is centered at the northwestern area of the Dry Chaco. Our geographic description of carbon stocks attributes can contribute to more suitable conservation planning and allows forecasting potential shifts in forests due to climate change.Fil: Powell, Priscila Ana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Cátedra de Ecología General; ArgentinaFil: Nanni, Ana Sofía. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Nazaro, María Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Loto, Dante Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santiago del Estero. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santiago del Estero; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Museo de Zoología; ArgentinaFil: Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentin

Evaluation of the riparian forest deficit in Tucumán

Los bosques de ribera se encuentran entre los ecosistemas más vulnerables, y para mantener los servicios que brindan se necesita su restauración ecológica. El objetivo principal de nuestro trabajo fue generar un mapa de zonas ribereñas a fin de identificar bosques, áreas transformadas y oportunidades para restaurar estos ecosistemas en Tucumán, Argentina. Comparamos diferentes anchos de zonas de amortiguación (ZdA): según requisitos legales (60 m) y sugerencias científico-técnicas (100 y 250 m). Para explorar la superficie de unidades de producción agrícola (UPA, lotes catastrales) ubicadas en las ZdA analizamos diferentes regiones agroecológicas y porcentajes de superficie ocupada en las UPA. La cobertura del suelo se cartografió a partir de una clasificación supervisada de imágenes Sentinel en Google Earth Engine. Nuestros resultados revelaron que para alcanzar a cubrir los 60 y 250 m de ZdA se necesitaría restaurar entre 40 y 60% de las zonas ribereñas, respectivamente, en su mayoría bajo agricultura. Si se considera una ZdA de 60 m, las riberas se encuentran ocupadas por usos agrícolas y urbanos en 23.5% (1959 ha) en el pedemonte, 50.9% (7784 ha) en la llanura húmeda y 36.8% (3113 ha) en la llanura seca. Nuestros resultados sugieren que se deben realizar diferentes esfuerzos para restaurar de manera eficiente las distintas regiones agroecológicas. La restauración necesaria para cubrir el requisito legal podría ser una meta alcanzable considerando objetivos globales y regionales. La mayoría de las UPA incluyeron menos de 20% de su superficie en una zona ribereña. Sin embargo, se recomienda incorporar abordajes socio-ecológicos en los proyectos de restauración, a fin de conocer las visiones de los productores, proponer compensaciones y evitar restricciones que afecten la producción agrícola local. El mapeo realizado será una herramienta valiosa para implementar proyectos de restauración en un área prioritaria de la Argentina.Riparian forests are among the most vulnerable ecosystems. Ecological restoration is needed to maintain the ecosystem services they provide. The main goal of the present study was to generate a map of riparian zones identifying forest and transformed areas as a base for their restoration in Tucumán, Argentina. We compared different buffers width: one according to legal requirement (60 m) and two scientific-technical suggestions (100 and 250 m). To explore the occupation of the agronomic production units (cadastral units) by the buffers, we analyzed riparian land cover among different agro-ecological regions and the percentage of production units area affected. Land cover maps were performed through a supervised classification of Sentinel in Google Earth Engine. Our results revealed that between a 40 and 60 percent of the riparian zones, mainly covered by agriculture, need to be restored to reach the 60 and 250 m of buffer strip respectively. Considering the 60 m buffer, riparian zones were covered by agricultural and urban uses in a 23.5% (1959 ha) in the foothills, 50.9% (7784 ha) in the wet plains, and 36.8% (3113 ha) in the dry plains. Therefore, different efforts must be made for an efficient and effective restoration. The amount of area needed to restore the legal requirement could be an a�ainable objective considering the global and regional restoration goals. In addition, majority of the production units included less than 20% of their surface in a riparian zone. However, we suggest including socio-ecological approaches for restoration projects to know social actors perceptions and avoid major restriction for agronomic production. The cartography performed will be a valuable tool for the implementation of restoration projects for a priority area in Argentina.Fil: Pero, Edgardo Javier Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; ArgentinaFil: Casagranda, Maria Elvira. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Cristobal, Luciana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; ArgentinaFil: Wottitz, Aldana. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; ArgentinaFil: Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentin

Diferencias en el paisaje asociadas a límites internacionales y asimetrías económicas

Land cover divergences across international borders reflect how country-level policies influence ecological footprints on the landscape. We identified 30 abrupt transboundary divergences across the globe, with major land cover differences despite similar ecological conditions. Divergences were significantly associated with differences in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) between countries, not with demographic differences. In mountains, unsuitable for mechanized agriculture, wealthier countries have higher forest cover and urbanization, suggesting advanced ‘forest transitions’. Lowlands with rainfed agricultural potential showed more agriculture development on the wealthier side of the border, except when the country´s economy was not based on agriculture. In drylands, wealthier countries showed much more irrigation-based agriculture. Despite globalization, transboundary divergences are unlikely to disappear and may even intensify, thus meriting increased research attention as a distinctive feature of Anthropocene ecology.Las divergencias de uso del territorio a través de límites internacionales reflejan en qué medida diferentes políticas nacionales influyen en su impacto sobre el paisaje. Identificamos 30 diferencias abruptas de cobertura del territorio a ambos lados de límites internacionales, bajo condiciones ambientales similares, alrededor del mundo. Las divergencias se asociaron significativamente con diferencias de Producto Bruto Interno (PBI) entre los países, no con diferencias demográficas. En zonas montañosas, no aptas para agricultura mecanizada, los países económicamente más prósperos mostraron mayores coberturas boscosas, sugiriendo etapas avanzadas de ‘transición forestal’. Las tierras bajas aptas para agricultura de secano mostraron mayor desarrollo agrícola hacia el lado del límite correspondiente al país con mayor PBI. En zonas áridas, los países más ricos mostraron mayor desarrollo de agricultura bajo riego. A pesar de la globalización, las divergencias entre países en cuanto a cobertura del territorio no son fácilmente reversibles e, inclusive, se pueden intensificar; por lo tanto, requieren mayor atención como una característica distintiva de la ecología del Antropoceno.Fil: Grau, Hector Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Aráoz, Ezequiel. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Aide, T. Michell. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto RicoFil: Piquer Rodríguez, María. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Freie Universität Berlin; Alemani

Frontier metrics for a process-based understanding of deforestation dynamics

Agricultural expansion into tropical and subtropical forests often leads to major social-ecological trade-offs. Yet, despite ever-more detailed information on where deforestation occurs, how agriculture expands into forests remains unclear, which is hampered by a lack of spatially and temporally detailed reconstruction of agricultural expansion. Here, we developed and mapped a novel set of metrics that quantify agricultural frontier processes at unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. Specifically, we first derived consistent annual time series of land-use/cover to, second, describe archetypical patterns of frontier expansion, pertaining to the speed, the diffusion and activity of deforestation, as well as post-deforestation land use. We exemplify this approach for understanding agricultural frontier expansion across the entire South American Chaco (1.1 million km2), a global deforestation hotspot. Our study provides three major insights. First, agricultural expansion has been rampant in the Chaco, with more than 19.3 million ha of woodlands converted between 1985 and 2020, including a surge in deforestation after 2019. Second, land-use trajectories connected to frontier processes have changed in major ways over the 35 year study period we studied, including substantial regional variations. For instance, while ranching expansion drove most of the deforestation in the 1980s and 1990s, cropland expansion dominated during the mid-2000s in Argentina, but not in Paraguay. Similarly, 40% of all areas deforested were initially used for ranching, but later on converted to cropping. Accounting for post-deforestation land-use change is thus needed to properly attribute deforestation and associated environmental impacts, such as carbon emissions or biodiversity loss, to commodities. Finally, we identified major, recurrent frontier types that may be a useful spatial template for land governance to match policies to specific frontier situations. Collectively, our study reveals the diversity of frontier processes and how frontier metrics can capture and structure this diversity to uncover major patterns of human–nature interactions, which can be used to guide spatially-targeted policies.H2020 European Research Councilhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663Belgian Federal Science Policy Officehttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002749Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschunghttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschafthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Peer Reviewe

Grasslands and Open Savannas of the Dry Chaco

The Dry Chaco is mostly known as a forested ecosystem. However it includes natural grasslands, savannas, scrublands, and wetlands. With one of the highest global deforestation rates in the last two decades and only 12% of the area protected, the concern about land-use change in this ecoregion has raised exponentially; but conservation initiatives developed in last years almost exclusively targeted forests whereas natural grasslands and savannas remain as neglected ecosystem within scientific and governmental agendas. While currently the distribution of natural grassland and savanna area encompasses over 20,000 km2, historical records and spatial models indicate that natural grassland and savannas were more widespread in pre-European era. Two main reasons drove this reduction in natural grasslands and savannas: woody encroachment by fire suppression and overgrazing, and conversion to agriculture and implanted pastures. In this article, through a combination of analyzes and bibliographic revisions, we describe biotic and abiotic components of natural grassland and savannas of the Dry Chaco. We also present the current distribution and conservation status of these ecosystems, and describe the process of change and the ecological consequences for biogeochemical cycles and biologic interactions. To provide basis for management, we estimate current grazing stocking rates on natural grasslands and savannas of Argentine Dry Chaco and we propose an alternative approach to sustainably intensify the use of these ecosystems and improve cattle rancher livelihoods. Despite the existent knowledge about natural grasslands and savannas in the region, we believe that is necessary to motivate the scientific community and national institutions to increase efforts to reconcile the restoration and conservation of these particular rangelands.Fil: Fernández, Pedro. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido; ArgentinaFil: Baumann, Mathias. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; AlemaniaFil: Baldi, Germán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; ArgentinaFil: Banegas, Natalia Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques; ArgentinaFil: Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Lucherini, Mauro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Marinaro Fuentes, María Sofía. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Nanni, Ana Sofía. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; ArgentinaFil: Nasca, Jose Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido; ArgentinaFil: Tessi, Torcuato. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Córdoba. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi; ArgentinaFil: Grau, Hector Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentin