Uv Multiphoton Induced Chemistry of Nitrobenzene in Solution

The technique of Multiphoton Induced Chemistry (MPIC) has been employed to initiate ion-molecule chemistry of organic molecules in solution. We report one of the first examples of the use of liquid phase multiphoton ionization (MPI) to prepare organic cations, which then react with the solvent in ionmolecule processes. The products obtained in this chemical sequence are significantly different from those observed in conventional or multiphoton-induced neutral chemistry in the same solvent. The particular example explored in this work is the reactivity of the nitrobenzene cation in methanol solvent. Products of the ion-molecule chemistry, detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, are phenol and benzyl alcohol. These products depend upon the square of the laser intensity. It is shown by ionization current measurements in a conductance cell, that ionic species are produced as precursors to the observed products. The implications of this application of MPI are briefly discussed. A preliminary report on the unimolecular chemistry of the highly excited neutral molecule is also included. The product of this channel is nitrosobenzene. It is shown, in this case, that the reactive state is most likely a highly vibrationally excited ground state molecule, not the lowest triplet level invoked in conventional photochemistry

Simultaneous brightness contrast as a function of practice

The present investigation was addressed to the question of whether or not the illusion of simultaneous brightness contrast is susceptible to a practice effect as are the Poggendorff, Zoellner, and Mueller-Lyer illusions. A nativistic, or peripheral, explanation of brightness contrast would predict no change in the degree of the illusion as a consequence of practice. An empiricistic, or central, explanation would predict a decrement in the degree of the contrast effect following successive practice trials. Five Ss, 3 male and 2 female students of advanced status in the University, participated. Using the method of adjustment, each S attempted to equate the brightness of an adjustable field with that of a standard field of 1 ft.-L. luminance. On each of 10 consecutive days, S rendered: (1) 10 control comparisons in the absence of any contrast effect, and (2) 50 experimental judgments, during which the standard field was surrounded by an inducing field of 4 ft.-L. luminance

The assessment of dance movement satisfaction of elementary age children participating in a creative dance instructional program

The purpose of this study was to develop a dance movement satisfaction scale to measure the effect of a creative dance program on dance satisfaction in second and fourth grade students. Two phases were established; the first was to assess the validity and reliability of the scale, and the second was to determine treatment effects of the creative dance program for second and fourth grade subjects. An initial pool of 103 items was developed using various sources from elementary physical education and creative dance literature, and several items from the investigator's own dance experiences. The items represented four content areas of creative dance; music/self-accompaniment, movement or dynamic qualities, locomotor/nonlocomotor movements, and choreography. A panel of judges reviewed the scales 103 items, and a total of 33 items was removed from the scale. The 70 items that remained were then used in the preliminary study to assess the reliability of the scale

CIVIC LEARNING IN ONLINE COURSES: THE EXPERIENCE OF EMERGING ADULTS AT THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Civic learning is an important part of the mission of higher learning. The community college is a unique and integral part of the system of higher education in the United States. Digital technology has increased the options for students to take classes at a distance in a fully online format. Many of the students in online classes at the community college are in a life stage known as emerging adulthood. While there has been considerable research on each of the four topics of civic learning, the community college, emerging adulthood, and online learning, there remains a substantial gap in the literature where these topics intersect. Instructors, administrators, and designers of online courses need more information with which to best plan and deliver civic learning opportunities to emerging adults in online classes at the public community college. Qualitative research is an appropriate methodology for areas of study with little extant literature. This study used the phenomenological method in order to better understand how emerging adults enrolled in asynchronous online classes at the public community college perceive civic responsibility, civic engagement, and the experience of civic learning in their online classes. The study produced findings that highlighted the importance of respect for diversity, civil discourse, nurturing of a social learning community and instructor presence. Implications for an online pedagogy to promote civic learning are included

The effect of instruction on the stereotypical expectations for learning-disabled children held by prospective teachers

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether classroom instruction provided for prospective regular classroom teachers was effective in reducing the bias and expectancy effects associated with the label "learning-disabled." Expectancies were established by the administration of a personality questionnaire and a behavior checklist. Sixty-eight subjects from randomly selected course sections were assigned to treatment and control groups. Treatment consisted of instruction designed to demonstrate to the subjects the effect of a reinforced label on their predictions of a videotaped child's performance. Treatment effects were measured by comparing subjects' ratings of a hypothetical learning-disabled child with control group ratings. Ratings of treatment and control groups were also compared one month after the treatment sessions

The formative period of religion in Guilford County

The first settlers in Guilford County were the German, Scotch-Irish, and English Immigrants who came to the Piedmont of North Carolina in search of economic and religious freedom. These people represented the Lutheran, German Reformed, Quaker, Presbyterian, Baptist, and, at a later date, the Methodist denominations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the actions of the people in relation to their religious beliefs during the early period of settlement. The period of time in study ranges from the arrival of the first German settlers in the early 1700's to the climax of the Great Revival in North Carolina in 1805. During the intervening years, there were many problems which these people had to solve. Shortly after their arrival they were faced with economic and religious problems which culminated in the Regulator War. Soon after that conflict, there followed the American Revolutionary War, with its local and national problems. How the people and their religious denominations were affected by this struggle is examined in this thesis. It is also the intent of this paper to answer some similar questions: How did the people, in accordance with their religious beliefs, choose which side to support during the struggle? Why did some remain loyal while others supported the Whigs

A study in intraorganizational influence processes : the relationship between a superordinate's perception of influence strategies and effectiveness

This study of upward influence stategies in the context of an academic organization attempted to determine the following: 1) the frequency of use of certain upward influence tactics of subordinate administrators and 2) the significance of the relationship between subordinate upward influence methods and the superordinate's evaluative perception of influence effectiveness. Stating the latter purpose in the form of a research hypothesis, it was believed that a significant difference would be found in the upward influence behavior of those subordinate administrators perceived as most effective and those perceived as least effective in exercising upward influence. The focus of study was the agent-target dyad of the subordinate administrator-president of selected community and technical colleges

A multivariate study of religious commitment among a sample of United Methodist adults

The primary purpose of this study was to analyze the nature of religious commitment among a specific age and religious group, that is, adults of the United Methodist faith. A secondary purpose was the designing of a questionnaire (Religiosity Inventory) for the collecting of the data. Research questions included inquiries into the basic characteristics of the religious commitment of the group as a whole, into the inter-relationships of the five theoretical dimensions of religiosity utilized in the study, and into the possibility of actual factors of religious commitment for this group. The Religiosity Inventory was developed from an initial pool of 100 questions selected by the researcher and organized around five dimensions of religiosity, including feeling, activity, belief, knowledge, and effect. The instrument, refined with the assistance of three judges, resulted in a 90-item questionnaire. The instrument was then administered to 459 adults, ages 20-79, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Three hundred and twenty-six questionnaires were returned (71 percent), and after necessary deletions 304 were retained for analysis