A Failure of Praxis? European Revolutionary Anarchism in Revolutionary Situations 1917-1923

Abstract: This article investigates the action of anarchists to the revolutionary situations that emerged in Europe from the October Revolution in Russia until 1923, and their reaction to the failure of anarchist revolutionary practice. It focuses on Russia, Spain and Italy to show the similarities and differences in the anarchist critique of the failure of anarchists to guide the social unrest into a successful revolutionary outcome. Rather than simply looking at the role of their opponents this critique centers on aspects of anarchist praxis and tactics which some anarchists argued needed to be revised in light of experience.     Key words: Anarchism, Russian Revolution, anarcosyndicalism, Triennio Bolchevique, Bienno Ross

A multiple-hole input coupler for a 372 GHz gyro-travelling wave amplifier

The design of a multiple-hole coupler that operates at a center frequency of 372 GHz for use in a gyrotron travelingwave amplifier (gyro-TWA) is presented. In simulations, the coupler achieved 35% bandwidth from 289GHz to–410 GHz with transmission losses of -0.5 dB predicted

Input coupling systems for millimetre-wave gyrotron travelling wave amplifiers

Input couplers for millimetre-wave gyrotron travelling wave amplifiers are presented in this study. A W-band input coupling system composed of a pillbox window, a smoothly curved waveguide bend, a T-junction and a broadband reflector was numerically optimised, constructed and measured. An average transmission coefficient of −2.0 dB over a designed operating frequency range was measured. Additionally, a higher-frequency input coupler for operation at a central frequency of 372 GHz was also designed based on a multiple-hole coupling configuration. The simulated transmission coefficient was −0.5 dB if the ohmic loss is not considered

Caught between strengthening capitalism and preparing the revolution: Catalan anarchosyndicalism and cooperativism (1900-1939)

Este artículo examina la conflictiva relación establecida entre los anarquistas españoles y el movimiento cooperativo desde la fundación de la Confederación Nacional del Trabajo hasta la Guerra Civil, centrándose en el caso de Cataluña. Teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes de esa relación, se analizan las tensiones presentes en los discursos de los padres fundadores del anarquismo, los posicionamientos disímiles que habilitaron y los sentidos que fueron asumiendo en función de la evolución del contexto histórico, pasando de un fuerte rechazo inicial a un acercamiento signado primero por el fracaso del movimiento huelguístico de posguerra y luego por el curso que fue asumiendo la Guerra Civil.This article investigates the position adopted by Spanish anarchists (especially in Catalonia) towards cooperativism from the birth of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo until the end of the Civil War. After an initial look at the antecedents of this relationship it then analyses the positions put forward by leading anarchist thinkers and the reasons behind the original distance between the two ideologies. The collapse of the postwar strike movement in Spain led some anarchists to reappraise their tactics and turn their attention to cooperation. The changes brought about by the Civil War eventually resulted in the adoption of aspects of cooperativism by the anarchists.Fil: Garner, Jason. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio; ArgentinaFil: Benclowicz, José Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio; Argentin

Design study of a 372 GHz higher order mode input coupler

The design of a higher order mode  (HOM) input coupler for a low-THz gyrotron travelling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) is presented. A two-branch waveguide coupler based on the even distribution of incident power is designed to couple the rectangular TE10 mode to the circular TE61 mode. The optimised tapered waveguide input coupler achieved an operating frequency range of 359 – 385 GHz, equating to a bandwidth of 7%. A prototype waveguide coupler scaled to W-band (75GHz to 110GHz) was manufactured. Vector Network Analyser (VNA) measured return loss of the HOM coupler is shown to be < 10dB at 90 – 96 GHz. A transmission and phase measurement is presented to analyse TE61 mode conversion in the coupler

Measurement of an upgraded input coupling system for W-band gyro-TWA

A gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) operating at W-band has been upgraded and experimentally measured. In this paper, the design and measurement of the upgraded input coupling system for the gyro-TWA is presented. In the measurement, the transmission coefficient of the coupler is at an optimal level of about -1 dB

TE10 R-TE11c input coupler for a low-THz gyro-TWA

The design of a fundamental rectangular-to-circular coaxial cavity input coupler for a low-THz gyro-traveling wave amplifier (TWA) is presented. Theoretical and numerical approaches to the design of the coaxial cavity input coupler are introduced. The design is optimized for operation between 360-384 GHz, achieving a transmission bandwidth of 7.5% (358-386 GHz). A comment on the manufacturability of sub-mm waveguide channels is included

Design study of a fundamental mode input coupler for a 372-GHz gyro-TWA I : rectangular-to-circular coupling methods

The design of two fundamental mode rectangular-to-circular waveguide input couplers for a low-terahertz gyrotron-traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) is presented. A T-junction input coupler with a Bragg reflector and a multiple-hole directional coupler were optimized for operation between 360 and 384 GHz, the proposed gyro-TWA bandwidth. The T-junction coupler and the multiple-hole coupler achieved the respective bandwidths of 10% and 35%. The benefits and potential limitations of the low-terahertz wave coupler topologies are discussed alongside the challenging manufacturing methods of the submillimeter-wave components

Design and measurement of a broadband sidewall coupler for a W-band gyro-TWA

The input coupler is an important component for a microwave amplifier. In this paper, a sidewall single-hole input coupler for a W-band gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier that operates at the frequency range of 90–100 GHz was designed and measured. Instead of using a cutoff waveguide, a broadband Braggtype reflector with a small spread in phase was optimized for use as part of the input coupler. The minimum radius of the reflector was two times the size of a cutoff waveguide, which reduced the possibility for some of the beam electrons being collected in this section and lost to the amplifier interaction region

Input coupling systems for mm-wave amplifiers

Input couplers for mm-wave gyrotron traveling wave amplifiers (gyro-TWAs) were designed. A W-band input coupler composed of a T-junction and a broadband reflector was constructed and measured in W-band. It achieved a transmission coefficient of -2.2 dB including the pillbox window and a waveguide bend. A multiple-hole coupler was designed and simulated at 372 GHz. Without considering the Ohmic loss, in simulations the 372GHz coupler achieved a transmission coefficient of -0.5 dB