Measurement technique for bidirectional four sensor rotary encoder

Measurement and monitoring of fluid flow are considered as crucial issues in industry and domestic applications especially for the water measurement. Numerous approach based on different physical principles have been proposed such as ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and differential pressure systems which each one of them requires its own particular measurement technique and algorithm to compute the necessary information such as flow speed, consumption and flow direction. However, there are some weaknesses in their measurement techniques including complexity and power consumption in their implementation. Therefore, in this paper, a measurement technique based on four sensor rotary encoder is presented. The measurement technique is simple and able to measure the speed, number of rotation and recognize the direction of the rotation. Furthermore, in the proposed measurement technique the error of the system is detectable in which debugging the system is required expensive equipment and long time for the conventional rotary encoder system. The functionality and performance of the measurement technique have been evaluated and found that the proposed technique is able to accurately measure the flow speed, the number of rotation, identify the direction of rotation and recognize the error occurred

Labview based flow rate monitoring and measurement algorithm for rotary encoder

The water usage is increasing twice of the rate of global population growth within the last century. According to the statistical studies, the global population is growing by roughly 80 million people annually, representing increased freshwater demand of around 64 billion cubic meters in the same period of time. This amount of water is being consumed in three fields comprising irrigation 70%, industry 20% and domestic usage 10%. Therefore, monitoring and controlling of natural water resources are counted as two most vital issues in water crisis. For the purpose of control and supervision on natural water sources, the water consumption parameters such as instantaneous consumption, flow rate, and accumulated consumption should be measured and monitored. This paper presents a new monitoring algorithm implemented in Labview to monitor, calculate and plot the mentioned parameters based on the rotary encoders such as electromagnetic, ultrasonic, capacitive, or even hall-effect sensors based. The results show that, the algorithm is capable to measure and display flow rate, instantaneous and cumulative consumption. It is also able to recognise and present the fluid flow direction and the system fault

Study on the effectiveness of dual complementary Hall-effect sensors in water flow measurement for reducing magnetic disturbance

In this study, an angular motion sensing unit using dual complementary Hall-effect (HE) sensors and interface circuit to reduce the effect of disturbance signals has been developed. The applied technique reduces the effects of disturbance signals such as strong electromagnetic field and temperature. The consequence of this technique provides a good widespread applicability in industrial and domestic applications. The unwanted disturbance signals are eliminated by analog processing to obtain a clean signal. The proposed method is based on four HE sensors in two couples with 180° distance, where the outputs of the each complementary sensor are applied to a differential amplifier. Then, the signal is changed to the logic level. An artificial turbine has been employed to revolve rotating disc in the developed angular motion sensing unit and a common magnet has been used to generate magnetic disturbance. The experimental results show that the proposed angular motion sensing unit is immune to the magnetic disturbance and able to measure the required information such as speed of rotation, direction of rotation and detect the occurred error. The power consumption is also reduced by 95.68% as compared with conventional readout circuits due to the implementation of negative logic and pulse switching technique

Planning for resilience in power distribution networks: A multi-objective decision support

Power grid response against high-impact low-probability (HILP) events could be enhanced by (a) hardening mechanisms to boost its structural resilience and (b) corrective recovery and mitigation analytics to improve its operational resilience. Planning for structural resilience and attempts to find the optimal location of the Tie switches in radially operated power distribution networks that enable harnessing the network topology for maximised resilience against HILP disasters are focussed. This goal is achieved through a novel resilience-oriented multi-objective decision making platform, which employs a k-PEM based probabilistic power flow (PPF) algorithm. The proposed framework offers a decision making analytic embedded with the fuzzy satisfying method (FSM) that characterises the system resilience features, such as robustness, restoration agility, load criticality, and recovered capacity, to assess different network reconfiguration options and select the optimal solution for implementation. The aforementioned resilience features are formulated in nodal level and then aggregated over the entire system to characterise the system-level objective functions. The performance of the suggested framework is analysed on the IEEE 33-Bus test system under a designated HILP event, and the applicability on larger networks has been verified on the IEEE 69-bus test system. The results demonstrate the efficacy and applicability of the proposed framework in boosting the network resilience against future extremes

Bidirectional detection method using for hall effects sensors for water flow measurement system

Natural resources are defined as material and components which are derived naturally from environment and they exist in a natural form and undisturbed by humanity. According to the statistical investigations, during the last century, the water consumption has grown two times more than the growth rate of population. Based on these studies, this amount of water is used for different purposes including 70% for agriculture, 20% for industry and 10% for domestic usage. The water management is taken into account as one of the natural resources, which must be managed and it can be achieved by measurement and monitoring the water consumption and water flow, which are considered as crucial issues in industry and domestic usages. Numerous water flow measurement (WFM) systems have been reported such as Hall-Effect (HE) sensor based WFM systems, which also can be categorized into different types such as single HE sensor, two HE sensors and three HE sensors based WFM systems. However, there are some weaknesses in their measurement techniques such as capability to detect the flow direction, high sensitivity against noise and disturbances signals, low accuracy, and high power consumption. Furthermore, none of them are capable of recognizing the source of occurred error, which makes troubleshooting of these systems a time consuming task, due to necessity to disassemble the system. The design of the proposed four HE sensors based WFM system can be separated into three main units, including motion sensing unit (MSU), data acquisition and processor unit (DAPU), and measurement and monitoring unit (MMU). The MSU is based on four analog HE sensors and two permanent magnets, which are differentially arranged on rotating disc and fixed plate. This arrangement generates 8 sequential codes that can determine the flow direction and it increases the accuracy of WFM system as well. The DAPU consists of four differential amplifiers, schmittriggers, and voltage level shifters. The configuration of MSU and DAPU is purposely designed to reduce the effects of noise and disturbance signals. Lastly, a measurement and monitoring algorithm is developed based on Labview to calculate the flow rate, water consumption and detect the error source and flow direction. Although, in this research, an artificial turbine is used instead of actual turbine, but their operation principles are similar. A proposed WFM system based on four HE sensors has been designed and implemented. The functionality and performances of the system has been confirmed. The results indicated that the proposed four HE sensors based WFM system is able to measure the water flow rate in both forward and reverse flow direction between 0 to 52 liter/minute and water consumption. Additionally, the flow direction and the error source can be determined based on generated sequential code. Moreover, the noise analysis was performed and the spectral noise density of the designed WFM system was resulted almost 35 nV between 0 to 9 kHz, therefore, the immunity of proposed WFM system against disturbance signal and noise, is confirmed. The power consumption is also reduced by using switch technique by 95.68% as compared with conventional WFM systems. The developed WFM system can be applied in other applications such as oil and gas meters, wind turbine, RPM meter of automobile, automatic meter reading (AMR) systems and any rotary movement based apparatuses

Apparatus and method for measuring flow rate of fluid

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for measuring flow rate, instantaneous consumption, and periodical consumption of fluid using Hall-effect sensors. The apparatus comprises a rotating disc (100) and a plate (101). The rotating disc (100) is coupled to a shaft (100a) having magnets (100b) and balance weights (100c) embedded on the surface or within the body. The shaft (100a) is coupled to a turbine (300) or a set of mechanical gears (300a). It is preferred that the magnets (100b) are alternately positioned with the balance weights (100c). A plurality of complementary sensor groups (101a) is disposed on the plate (101) and configured to be in communication with the magnets (100b) so as to provide one or more output signals representative of a rotational velocity of the rotating disc (100). Preferably, each of the complementary sensor groups (101a) comprises one or more Hall-effect sensors

Sensory system for the electronic water meter

Currently, energy management has become one of the most controversial issues in the world due to limitations in natural resources, and the measurement of water consumption by means of water meter. Measuring water consumption has been considered a serious matter in order to control and manage the resources of water. Therefore, there are many approaches, which have been offered such as Ultrasonic, Electromagnetic, and Mechanical mechanism. However, there have been a lot of restrictions in them such as providing the power supply for the meter, the cost of implementation, accuracy of measurement etc. The circuit was designed based on the Hall-Effect sensor by applying a new technique to remove the effects of disturbing signals, which might be derived either of a strong electromagnetic field or temperature. Furthermore, this proposed technique will reduce the number of applied sensors. The CMOS technology was employed to reduce the power consumption, the effects of input resistance on sensor and, etc. The output of each sensor’s signal is going to be shown as following, which illustrates the system performance. consequently, the electronic water meter has been designed to be not affected by electromagnetic field, temperature and so on, furthermore the reduction power consumption and the its cost was considered to be mass produced in the design

Enhancing Microgrid Stability and Energy Management: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions

Microgrid technology offers a new practical approach to harnessing the benefits of distributed energy resources in grid-connected and island environments. There are several significant advantages associated with this technology, including cost-effectiveness, reliability, safety, and improved energy efficiency. However, the adoption of renewable energy generation and electric vehicles in modern microgrids has led to issues related to stability, energy management, and protection. This paper aims to discuss and analyze the latest techniques developed to address these issues, with an emphasis on microgrid stability and energy management schemes based on both traditional and distinct approaches. A comprehensive analysis of various schemes, potential issues, and challenges is conducted, along with an identification of research gaps and suggestions for future microgrid development. This paper provides an overview of the current state of the field and proposes potential areas of future research