20 research outputs found

    Stem Rust Resistance in 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS Double Wheat-Rye Translocation Lines

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    The wheat stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, is a significant and devastating disease of wheat crops worldwide. Wheat has many wild relatives in which to source new resistance genes, including the cereal crop of rye in the tertiary genepool. The aim of this study was to assess the reaction of 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS double wheat-rye translocation lines to virulent stem rust races from Africa and North America. BC1F3 and BC1F4 populations from a cross between the line KR99-139 (a double wheat-rye translocation line with 1BL.1RS and 2RL.2BS) and the bread wheat cultivar Topper were used in the study. Several of the populations homozygous for 1BL.1RS and heterozygous for 2RL.2BS showed resistance and low severity adult plant resistance (20RMR-50MSS) to the African stem rust race TTKSK in the field. None of the tested populations with varying chromosome combinations showed seedling resistance to any of the tested stem rust races. Thus, these resistant populations likely carry gene/s effective at the adult plant stage since all stage resistance genes with major effect appear to be absent based on the seedling assays. Resistant lines combined three chromosomes (1RS, 2RS and 2BS) which make their direct use in breeding more complicated. Mapping studies followed by potential transfer of genes between 2R and 2B will make the identified minor genes more useful in wheat breeding

    Molecular and morphological diversity in the plant genus Chaenomeles

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    In this paper, five studies on diversity in the plant genus Chaenomeles are summarised. Genetic resources in the genus Chaenomeles were evaluated using molecular markers and morphological characters. Population differentiation and diversity were estimated in cultivated and wild plant material. In agreement with studies on cultivated Chaenomeles material, native material of C. japonica was strongly differentiated from C. speciosa, C. cathayensis and C. thibetica. Populations of C. japonica and C. speciosa were considerably more diverse than populations of C. cathayensis and C. thibetica. Furthermore, evidence of spontaneous hybridisation in native populations between C. cathayensis and C. speciosa was obtained. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers and morphological characters revealed concordant patterns of genetic relatedness among the offspring families studied. To increase diversity in breeding populations and collections, different strategies for sampling of wild plant material are proposed for C. japonica and C. speciosa on the one hand, and C. cathayensis and C. thibetica on the other

    NĂ€r pesten kommer till fruktodlingarna

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    En av de mest fruktade sjukdomarna pĂ„ frukttrĂ€d Ă€r pĂ€ronpest, som pĂ„ engelska har det mera passande namnet ‘fire blight’. Denna sjukdom orsakas av den nordamerikanska bakterien Erwinia amylovora som attackerar - och dödar - olika medlemmar av vĂ€xtfamiljen Rosaceae, rosvĂ€xter. Angreppen börjar ofta i blommorna, sprider sig snabbt ner i grenverket och kan döda ett helt frukttrĂ€d pĂ„ nĂ„gra veckor. SĂ„lunda tog pĂ€ronpesten livet av nĂ€ra en tredjedel av den amerikanska Ă€pplegenbanken i Geneva, staten New York, i början av 2000-talet. DessvĂ€rre emigrerade nĂ„gra exemplar av denna bakterie till Europa redan ett halvt Ă„rhundrade tidigare. HĂ€r har sjukdomen pĂ„ senare tid spridit sig frĂ„n Europas sydliga och vĂ€stliga delar till mera nordostliga omrĂ„den. I vĂ„rt grannland Danmark har sjukdomen varit synlig av och till sedan 1968. Nyligen blev den danska pĂ€rongenbanken pĂ„ Pometet i TĂ„strup utanför Köpenhamn sĂ„ illa angripen att man bestĂ€mde sig för att hugga ner alla trĂ€den! Kraftiga angrepp har Ă€ven noterats i Baltstaterna under senare Ă„r

    Konsten att sÀrskilja olika sorter av körsbÀr

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    VildvĂ€xande fĂ„gelbĂ€r brukar vĂ€l inte smaka sĂ„ mĂ€rkvĂ€rdigt, men lĂ„ngvarigt urval i denna art har resulterat i dagens betydligt mumsigare sötkörsbĂ€r. I Sverige var klostertrĂ€dgĂ„rdarna först med att odla ‘fina’ körsbĂ€r frĂ„n utlandet men snart fick Ă€ven Ă€garna till diverse slott och herresĂ€ten upp ögonen för dessa delikatesser. HĂ€r etablerades bĂ„de odlingar och plantskolor redan pĂ„ 1500-talet. Under 1700- och första hĂ€lften av 1800-talet var speciellt Östergötland kĂ€nt för sina omfattande körsbĂ€rsodlingar. NĂ„gra av den tidens sortnamn Ă€r olika former av amareller, moreller och bigarrĂ„er (röda, gula, markbrĂ©s, svarta), Maikirschen, Spanska kirsebĂ€r, Brysselska Bruna, Oranienkirschen, Prinzenkirschen, Prinzessinkirschen, Kentiska röda, May Dukes, Pragiska muskateller, van der Natt, Weichsel von Montmorency och Doctor-Kirsche (Fernqvist, 1988). Även brunkörsbĂ€r och klarbĂ€r nĂ€mns i Nilssons (1989) pomologi och anses ha spridit sig frĂ„n gĂ„rd till gĂ„rd som rotĂ€kta plantor. Flera av dagens körsbĂ€rssorter Ă€r alltsĂ„ mycket gamla. Ofta anvĂ€nds dessutom samma namn pĂ„ sorter som faktiskt Ă€r genetiskt olika (Fernqvist, 1988; Nilsson, 1989). Betydande variation i bĂ„de utseende och DNA-profiler har man exempelvis hittat i surkörsbĂ€rssorterna Sumadinka och Stevnsbaer, och i sötkörsbĂ€rssorten Sam (Pedersen, 2006). Skillnaderna mellan de olika klonerna av samma sort var betydligt större Ă€n vad skillnader orsakade av mutationer brukar vara. Uppenbarligen hĂ€rstammar dessa kloner alltsĂ„ istĂ€llet frĂ„n olika fröplantor. Och dĂ„ borde de INTE ha samma sortnamn! Samma problem, dvs olika DNA-profiler hos trĂ€d med samma sortnamn samt Ă€ven det motsatta problemet (olika namn men samma DNA-profil) förekom mycket frekvent i en stor undersökning av körsbĂ€rsgenbanker i Schweiz (Frei m.fl., 2010). Sortnamnet Napoleon visade sig till exempel vara synonymt med sju andra namn! I Sverige har 29 sorter (bĂ„de sötkörsbĂ€r och surkörsbĂ€r) tilldelats status som mandatsorter, och dessa ska alltsĂ„ bevaras inom landet (Hjalmarsson, 2007). Med finansiering frĂ„n Jordbruksverket har forskare pĂ„ BalsgĂ„rd nyligen utvecklat DNA-baserade fingeravtryck för merparten av dessa mandatsorter. Avsikten Ă€r att genbankskuratorer, forskare, vĂ€xtförĂ€dlare, yrkesodlare och allmĂ€nheten, nu och i framtiden, ska kunna sĂ€rskilja sorterna och anvĂ€nda korrekta namn

    RÀtt namn pÄ pÀronen med hjÀlp av DNA-markörer

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    MĂ„nga lĂ€nder har numera inrĂ€ttat program för att samla in, bevara och karaktĂ€risera genetiska resurser av viktiga nyttovĂ€xter. Har de intressanta egenskaper, kan de ju komma till anvĂ€ndning i framtiden, antingen som de Ă€r eller som förĂ€ldrar i ett korsningsprogram inom vĂ€xtförĂ€dlingen. I Sverige bevarar man dĂ€rför ‘mandatsorter’ av exempelvis frukt och bĂ€r, dvs sorter som uppkommit i Sverige eller som har haft en lĂ„ng och viktig odlingshistoria hĂ€r. Hittills har 57 olika pĂ€ronsorter fĂ„tt status av mandatsort. Flertalet av dessa bevaras i nĂ„got av de 11 klonarkiven runt om i landet. Den största samlingen av pĂ€ronsorter finns dock pĂ„ BalsgĂ„rd-SLU, med drygt ett 100-tal namngivna sorter varav 30 mandatsorter. För mĂ„nga av de Ă€ldre sorterna Ă€r ursprunget okĂ€nt, och man vet ibland inte ens vilket land de kommit frĂ„n

    Problem med fruktsÀttningen pÄ dina ÀppletrÀd?

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    ÄppletrĂ€d dignande av vacker och vĂ€lsmakande frukt
. ja, detta ser nog alla framför sig nĂ€r de planterar nyinköpta Ă€ppletrĂ€d. Men det finns mĂ„nga fallgropar. Förutom alla de vanliga problemen med olĂ€mplig jord, torka, vĂ„rfrost, otrevliga insektsangrepp och Ă€nnu otrevligare svampsjukdomar, sĂ„ finns det ytterligare ett besvĂ€rande faktum. NĂ€mligen att blommorna mĂ„ste pollineras! Och detta pollen mĂ„ste komma frĂ„n en annan Ă€pplesort – annars kan inte pollenslangen vĂ€xa ner genom blommans pistill och utföra en befruktning (Nybom m.fl. 2007a)

    Phenotypic Diversity of Date Palm Cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from Sudan Estimated by Vegetative and Fruit Characteristics

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    The aim of this study was to apply some of the vegetative and fruit traits which are easily recognised to identify the variation and the diversity level of the most famous Sudanese date palm cultivars grown on farm in the northern region of Sudan. Sixteen phenotypic traits consisting of ten quantitative and six qualitative characteristics were used for describing the vegetative and fruit characteristics. The principal components analysis (PCA) and UPGMA clustering were used to analyse the data set. The results revealed high variability among the cultivars according to PCA. Fourteen out of the sixteen quantitative and qualitative traits investigated showed a strong discriminating factor suggesting their possible uses in the initiation of Sudanese date palm morphological descriptor list. UPGMA clustering exhibited strong relationship between some cultivars according to their fruit and vegetative characteristics similarity. Based on morphological traits, cultivars Wad-laggi (Lag) and Wad-khateeb (Kha) formed a distinct group suggesting their close relatedness. Similarly, the cultivars sharing the dry fruit texture such as Gondaila (Gon), Tamoda (Tam), Kolmah (Kol), and Barkawi (Bar) were grouped together according to their vegetative traits. Further investigations on Sudanese date palm using more phenotypic characteristics are recommended in order to shape and complete the set of the morphological descriptor list

    A systematic review of rye (Secale cereale L.) as a source of resistance to pathogens and pests in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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    Abstract Wheat is globally one of the most important crops. With the current human population growth rate, there is an increasing need to raise wheat productivity by means of plant breeding, along with development of more efficient and sustainable agricultural systems. Damage by pathogens and pests, in combination with adverse climate effects, need to be counteracted by incorporating new germplasm that makes wheat more resistant/tolerant to such stress factors. Rye has been used as a source for improved resistance to pathogens and pests in wheat during more than 50 years. With new devastating stem and yellow rust pathotypes invading wheat at large acreage globally, along with new biotypes of pest insects, there is renewed interest in using rye as a source of resistance. Currently the proportion of wheat cultivars with rye chromatin varies between countries, with examples of up to 34%. There is mainly one rye source, Petkus, that has been widely exploited and that has contributed considerably to raise yields and increase disease resistance in wheat. Successively, the multiple disease resistances conferred by this source has been overcome by new pathotypes of leaf rust, yellow rust, stem rust and powdery mildew. However, there are several other rye sources reported to make wheat more resistant to various biotic constraints when their rye chromatin has been transferred to wheat. There is also development of knowledge on how to produce new rye translocation, substitution and addition lines. Here we compile information that may facilitate decision making for wheat breeders aiming to transfer resistance to biotic constraints from rye to elite wheat germplasm

    On-Farm Diversity of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) in Sudan: A Potential Genetic Resources Conservation Strategy

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    Although the main goal of traditional farming is to produce food, it can play an important role in conservation of genetic resources. This paper reports a study, which explored the diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown by farmers and their preferences for different cultivars. The possibilities of using farms as sites for conserving genetic resources are discussed. The data for the study were collected from personal interviews that involved randomly selected date palm farmers in the Northern State and River Nile State, Sudan. Ordered and binary logit models were used to account for possible factors influencing the diversity of cultivars grown by farmers and preferences for different cultivars, respectively. The results showed that the cultivars grown by the respondents vary widely. On average, the Northern State respondents grew twice the number of cultivars as those in the River Nile State. Of all the date palm cultivars, the Barakawi was the most preferred. The diversity of the cultivars grown by the respondents and their preferences were mainly influenced by factors, such as farm location, drought, uses of date palm, years of farming experience, education, income from date palm and household size. The findings will help in designing a more sustainable date palm breeding program, as well as a genetic resources conservation strategy

    Variationsrika vattenmeloner i södra Afrika

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    PĂ„ soliga semesterresor till varmare lĂ€nder, har allt fler svenskar lĂ€rt sig att uppskatta de stora, lĂ€skande vattenmelonerna. Ingenting slĂ€cker törsten bĂ€ttre, och sĂ€krare, Ă€n en generös skiva saftig vattenmelon med sitt karaktĂ€ristiska spröda och rosaröda fruktkött. TillgĂ„ngen Ă€r inget problem; det finns knappast nĂ„got tropiskt eller subtropiskt land (vattenmelon vĂ€xer bĂ€st vid 20–30 °C) som inte kan erbjuda lokalodlade vattenmeloner. Minst 55 lĂ€nder producerar vattenmeloner, och den samlade produktionen berĂ€knas till över 100 millioner ton per Ă„r. I odlingsanalyser betraktas vattenmelon som en grönsak, och den odlas pĂ„ drygt 10% av den areal som anvĂ€nds till grönsake
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