A Comparative Strategy Using PI & Fuzzy Controller for Optimization of Power Quality Control

This paper explores the analytical study and simulation of fuzzy logic controller and PI controller, to control the dc output voltage of shunt active power filter for harmonic reduction and power quality improvement in case of nonlinear load. Here we have exercised an effort to design and evaluate a converter to compensate the harmonics for 1-phase AC to DC bridge rectifier which is working as the main converter in unregulated mode. The work depends on the scheme where an ancillary converter is linked in shunt with the main or primary converter whose turn on and turn off time is controlled by an appropriate controller (pi/fuzzy logic) for harmonic compensation of the primary converter which is working as nonlinear load. The Model of converter is proposed on MATLAB\SIMULINK Software and the results are analyzed satisfactorily.

TRANSFORMING TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT FROM REACTIVE TO PROACTIVE THROUGH ELECTRIC VEHICLE FLEXIBILITY

The reduction of carbon emissions in the transportation sector will be aided by the electrification of transportation in RES-based energy systems. However, the inactive addition of electric vehicles is expected to hinder sustainability efforts owing to the rise in power consumption and the significant peak impacts of charging. The three main charging methods for Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Europe are: Smart Charging (SC), Power Charging (PC), and Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) that give varying degrees of flexibility are examined in this research. This flexibility is compared to the flexibility provided by interconnections. We depict immediate action and future planning in the power organization using the Balmorel optimization tool, and we advance the state of the art by creating new approaches to stand for battery deterioration & at-home charging. Our results show that, up to the year 2050, any rise in charging flexibility reduces system costs, modifies the energy mix, affects spot prices, and reduces CO2emissions.We quantify the reciprocal benefits of flexible charging and variable generation, which limits the economics of permanently installed batteries and causes solar energy to take the place of wind energy in passive charging. The framework that includes and lacks connection development highlights the interplay between European countries in terms of the power price framework of electric mobility. The condition of the nations with the cheapest and most decarbonizes power mix is harmed beneath the most bendable situation at the EU level, even if the best result is achieved. This necessitates an adjusted coordinating strategy at the EU level

A Crossover between Conventional Cross-Coupling and Carbene Insertion Reaction Pathways in a Pd Catalyzed C(sp2)-H Insertion

Computational methods (Density Functional Theory) along with experimental tools are used to probe the mechanism and stereocontrol in a Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective C–H insertion reaction. The mechanistic aspects reveal a crossover between general transition metal-catalyzed carbene insertion reactions and typical Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. We demonstrate the intermediacy of a metal hydride species which contrasts the previously studied mechanistic routes taken in the case of all other transition metals (Rh, Fe, Au, Cu, etc.). Detailed investigation into the origin of stereoselectivity again throws up a new paradigm wherein stereocontrol arises during the formation of the metallocarbene itself. Novel mechanistic routes illustrated in this report provide crucial insights into the differential reactivity exhibited by Pd in carbene insertion reactions

<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-IN">Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of aliphatic aldehydes by benzyltrimethylammonium dichloroiodate</span>

1270-1273The oxidation of six aliphatic aldehydes by benzyltrimethylammonium dichloroiodate (BTMACI) in glacial acetic acid, in the presence of zinc chloride, results in the formation of the corresponding carboxylic acids. The reaction is first order with respect to BTMACI, the aldehyde and zinc chloride. The oxidation of deuterated acetaldehyde shows the presence of a substantial kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD <span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-IN">= 6.32 at 288 K). Addition of benzyltrimethylammonium chloride enhances the reaction rate. It is proposed that the reactive oxidizing species is [PhCH2Me3N]+ [IZn2Cl6]-. The rates correlate well with Taft's σ●<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-IN"> substituent constants, with negative reaction constant. A mechanism involving a hydride-ion transfer from the aldehyde to the oxidant in the rate-determining step, has been postulated.<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Symbol;mso-ascii-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:symbol"="" lang="EN-IN"></span

The Role of Xantphos in forming an Elusive dirhodium-η1-allyl Intermediate in a Rh(II)-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study

The use of dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalysts in multicomponent reactions involving allylic alkylation has been a formidable challenge to synthetic chemists. A unique strategy by means of catalyst structure modification in the presence of an external ligand, Xantphos, has recently enabled their efficient use in one-pot reactions involving carbene insertion into X–H bonds followed by allylic alkylation. However, the origin of the novel reactivity and the mechanism of such reactions remain unclear. Herein, we report a combined computational and experimental mechanistic study to shed light on the ligand-enabled catalyst structure modification and its implication in catalysis. This unique reactivity is enabled by the dissociation of an octanoate bridge driven by κ2-Xantphos ligation to the dirhodium core of the catalyst. This in turn allows for a hitherto unknown oxidative addition with the Rh(II) catalyst resulting in a dirhodium-η1-allyl species. For the first time, we confirm the presence of such a species in solution through in situ NMR and cyclic voltammetry experiments in line with DFT calculations. Alongside, we study the role of the base and solvent in generating the nucleophilic partner that can trap the electrophilic allylic species. This study is expected to guide future catalyst design, including chiral variants, for exploring newer modes of reactivity and selectivity using dirhodium catalysis

Epidemiological characteristics of dengue disease in Saurashtra region, India, during year 2015

Background: Dengue is an important vector-borne disease with a spectrum of classical fever to hemorrhagic fever to dengue shock syndrome. The present study was conducted with objective to study epidemiological and demographic characteristics of dengue infections during the year 2015 in Saurashtra region, Gujarat state, India. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Tertiary Care Hospital, Rajkot, during the year 2015. A total of 3312 blood samples were collected and tested for dengue NS1 antigen and IgM antibody by capture ELISA testing from various districts of Saurashtra region. A pretested structured data sheet was used as a tool for data collection, and data analysis was done. Results: Out of 3312 tested samples, 33.4% samples were found positive for dengue. Suspected cases were reported from all age groups, including majority from 15 to 24 years (31.1%) and 25 to 44 years (30.0%) and also 8.4% from 0 to 4 years. More than two-third (68.7%) of males were dengue positive than female cases. Significant numbers of cases (P < 0.01) were residing in urban areas (65.7%). Two-third cases (66.8%) diagnosed after 7 days of fever by IgM antibody test. Increasing number of dengue cases reported from July and reached to peak during October 2015. Conclusion: The present study reported that dengue mainly affected males and urban population. Perennial occurrence with seasonal increase during monsoon and postmonsoon months was reported. Effective implementation of vector control measures through efforts toward vector breeding source reduction and with the use of personal prophylactic measures against mosquito bites will help in reducing the dengue prevalence in the community

Evaluating the potential of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes as alternative carrier material for proliferation of Vero cells

Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (CS/PVA) blend membranes were prepared using the casting method and their physiochemical properties were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR and XRD demonstrated possible hydrogen bonds between CS and PVA. The addition of PVA to CS resulted in surface roughness as analyzed by SEM. The CS/PVA blend membrane exhibited high tensile properties (81.62%) and reduced water-holding capacity (53.8%) compared to a pure CS membrane (control). Cell viability and proliferation were assessed via an MTT assay with Vero cell culture. Associated with improved physicochemical properties, the CS/PVA blend membrane promotes cell proliferation of Vero cells with high specific growth rate (0.582 day(-1)). The results demonstrate that the blending of CS and PVA could significantly alter the surface rugosity, water-holding capacity and improve the mechanical and biological properties of the membrane. Interestingly, this concept can be extended for different anchorage-dependent cell lines, as an alternative carrier material

Evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties of chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) polymer blend membranes and their correlation for Vero cell growth

The blend membranes with varying weight ratios of chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) (CS/PVA) (1:0, 1:1, 1:2.5, 1.5:1, 1.5: 2.5) were prepared using solvent casting method and were evaluated for their potential application in single-use membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The physicochemical properties of the prepared membranes were investigated for chemical interactions (FTIR), surface morphology (SEM), water uptake, protein sorption (q(e)), ammonia sorption and growth kinetics of Vero cells. CS/PVA blend membrane having weight ratio of 1.5:1 had shown enhanced membrane flexibility, reduced water uptake, less protein sorption and no ammonium sorption compared to CS membrane. This blend membrane also showed comparatively enhanced higher specific growth rate (0.82/day) of Vero cells. Improved physicochemical properties and growth kinetics obtrude CS/PVA (1.5:1) as a potential surface for adhesion and proliferation with possible application in single use membrane bioreactors. Additionally, new insight explaining correlation between water holding (%) of CS/PVA (1.5:1) blend membrane and doubling time (t(d)) of Vero cells is proposed