Buckyball Quantum Computer: Realization of a Quantum Gate

We have studied a system composed by two endohedral fullerene molecules. We have found that this system can be used as good candidate for the realization of Quantum Gates Each of these molecules encapsules an atom carrying a spin,therefore they interact through the spin dipole interaction. We show that a phase gate can be realized if we apply on each encased spin static and time dependent magnetic field. We have evaluated the operational time of a $\pi$-phase gate, which is of the order of ns. We made a comparison between the theoretical estimation of the gate time and the experimental decoherence time for each spin. The comparison shows that the spin relaxation time is much larger than the $\pi$-gate operational time. Therefore, this indicates that, during the decoherence time, it is possible to perform some thousands of quantum computational operations. Moreover, through the study of concurrence, we get very good results for the entanglement degree of the two-qubit system. This finding opens a new avenue for the realization of Quantum Computers.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to Physical Review

Melanosis of the lower lip subverted by filler injection: a simulator of early mucosal melanoma

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Shifting Bordering and Rescue Practices in the Central Mediterranean Sea, October 2013-October 2015

This counter‐mapping project illustrates the areas of intervention of different operations geared toward rescue and enforcement between 2013 and 2015, including the Italian Navy's “Mare Nostrum” search and rescue mission, the EU border agency Frontex's “Triton” enforcement operation, the humanitarian interventions of commercial vessels, and the action of civil‐society rescue vessels such as those operated by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF—Doctors Without Borders). The project offers a spatial understanding of the Mediterranean border‐scape, the practices of rescue and enforcement that occur within it, and the risk of sea‐crossing at this particular moment. Through these maps, the Central Mediterranean Sea emerges as a striking laboratory from which novel legal arrangements, surveillance technologies, and institutional assemblages converge

Shifting Bordering and Rescue Practices in the Central Mediterranean Sea, October 2013–October 2015

This counter‐mapping project illustrates the areas of intervention of different operations geared toward rescue and enforcement between 2013 and 2015, including the Italian Navy's “Mare Nostrum” search and rescue mission, the EU border agency Frontex's “Triton” enforcement operation, the humanitarian interventions of commercial vessels, and the action of civil‐society rescue vessels such as those operated by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF—Doctors Without Borders). The project offers a spatial understanding of the Mediterranean border‐scape, the practices of rescue and enforcement that occur within it, and the risk of sea‐crossing at this particular moment. Through these maps, the Central Mediterranean Sea emerges as a striking laboratory from which novel legal arrangements, surveillance technologies, and institutional assemblages converge

Theoretical model for the realization of quantum gates using interacting endohedral fullerene molecules

We have studied a physical system composed oftwo interacting endohedral fullerene molecules for quantum computational purposes. The mutual interaction between these two molecules is determined by their spin dipolar interaction. The action of static magnetic fields on the whole system allows us to encode the qubit in the electron spin of the encased atom. We present a theoretical model which enables us to realize single-qubit and twoqubit gates through the system under consideration. Single-qubit operations can be achieved by applying to the system time-dependent microwave fields. Since the dipolar spin interaction couples the two qubit-encoding spins, two-qubit gates are naturally performed by allowing the system to evolve freely. This theoretical model is applied to two realistic architectures of two interacting endohedrals. In the first realistic system the two molecules are placed at a distance of 1.14nm. In the second design the two molecules are separated by a distance of 7nm. In the latter case the condition Δωp > > g(r) is satisfied, i.e. the difference between the precession frequencies of the two spins is much greater than the dipolar coupling strength. This allows us to adopt a simplified theoretical model for the realization of quantum gates. The realization of quantum gates for these realistic systems is provided by studying the dynamics of the system. In this extent we have solved sets of Schrodinger equations needed for reproducing the respective gates, i.e. phase-gate, 1r-gate and CNOT-gate. For each quantum gate reproduced through the realistic. system, we have estimated their reliability by calculating the related fidelity. The presented two-qubit gates are characterized by very high values of fidelity. The value of minimum fidelity related to the realization of a CNOT-gate is F=0.9995, which differs from the ideal value F=1 by of the order of 10⁻²%. We also present suggestions regarding the improvements on systems composed of endohedral fullerenes in order to enable the experimental realization of quantum gates. This would allow these systems to become reliable building blocks of a quantum computer.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The application of Geant4 simulation code for brachytherapy treatment

Brachytherapy is a radiotherapeutic modality that makes use of radionuclides to deliver a high radiation dose to a well-defined volume while sparing surrounding healthy structures. At the National Institute for Cancer Research of Genova a High Dose Rate remote afterloading system provides Ir(192) endocavitary brachytherapy treatments. We studied the possibility to use the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit in brachytherapy for calculation of complex physical parameters, not directly available by experiment al measurements, used in treatment planning dose deposition models

Imaging of a Case of Extramedullary Solitary Plasmacytoma of the Trachea

We describe a case of extramedullary tracheal plasmacytoma that was incidentally discovered in a 73-year-old man on a PET scan performed for assessing the extent of colon cancer. CT scan showed the tumor; multiplanar reformation coupled with virtual bronchoscopy allowed proper treatment planning. The tracheal tumor was resected during rigid bronchoscopy. Relevant investigations excluded multiple myeloma. Follow-up CT showed persistent thickening of the tracheal wall, but there has been no recurrence after one-year followup

Thoracic myopericytoma in an older adult, rare but possible: A case report

Myopericytoma is a rare tumor generally arising from skin and soft tissues of extremities, trunk, head, and neck regions, rarely from visceral sites. An intrathoracic visceral localization may carry a broad differential diagnosis including primary lung, pleura and chest wall lesions, or metastatic lesions. To date, any radiological features have been recognized and diagnosis of myopericytoma with intrathoracic localization remains still challenging. Here, we describe the case of a subpleural lesion incidentally diagnosed in an older adult affected by gastric cancer. Radiological features did not allow a differential diagnosis between a benign lesion, a primary tumor, or a metastasis. After resection, the histological examination showed histopathological features congruent with the diagnosis of myopericytoma. This unusual presentation reflects the need to share clinical, radiological, and histopathological data about this uncommon but frequently misdiagnosed disease