Risk Factors for Colonization with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–producing Bacteria and Intensive Care Unit Admission

Coexisting conditions and previous antimicrobial drug exposure predict colonization

Necessity, proportionality and the use of force by states

xxiii, 259 h

The challenge of conflict: international law responds

Leiden, The Netherland

Protection of Women in Armed Conflict

Women increasingly bear the major burden of armed conflict. In recent years particular attention has been given to the question of violence against women in armed conflict. The significance of these developments is considerable. However, the focus on violence-in particular on sexual violence-tends to obscure other important aspects of women's experience of armed conflict that to date have been largely ignored. The purpose of this comment is to consider a range of ways in which women are affected by armed conflict and to assess the adequacy of international law in protecting them. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is an ancient, conservative, and relatively inflexible area of international law. The number of challenges posed to its relevance and effectiveness in the last half century has been bewildering. It now must meet the demands of women to truly reflect their life experiences. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) a deeply conservative organization, has special responsibility for the development of IHL and is in danger of losing the initiative in many areas where it should be at the forefront of developments. The ICRC is finally recognizing the need to address the specific needs of women in armed conflict. However, a serious commitment to real change is needed. As the traditional guardian of IHL, the ICRC must take concrete steps to make the law relevant to the lives of the majority of the world's population

Initial report on the Meaning of Armed Conflict in International Law

Mary Ellen O'Connell and Judith Gardamhttp://trove.nla.gov.au/work/1334678

A Human Dimension to the Energy Debate: Access to Modern Energy Services

This article examines the link between the need for universal access to modern energy services and poverty alleviation in developing nations. It first outlines the practical significance of the issue, identifies the factors that appear to have contributed to the lack of progress in this area and then considers the legal strategies that have so far been adopted by states to address this issue. The article makes the case for access to modern energy services to be incorporated within the human rights framework and analyses the potential that such an approach offers as a means of alleviating poverty