Evaluation of Water Quality Indices: Use, Evolution and Future Perspectives

The evaluation of the quality of water bodies is of fundamental importance to the study and use of water. Aiming to improve the understanding of the phenomena which occur in these environments, several indices have been proposed over the years, using several statistical, mathematical and computational techniques. For this, it is necessary to know the variables which influence different water bodies. However, not all places are able to make the most diverse analyses due to the financial and sanitary conditions, which can promote greater expenses in treatment as well as make the limits of tolerance of the water quality higher. Nowadays, there is a need to formulate indices which can address climate change in its variables, making it even closer to reality. In this context, seeking to reduce the number of variables used, collection costs, laboratory analyses and a greater representativeness of the indices, multivariate statistical techniques and artificial intelligence are being increasingly used and obtaining expressive results. These advances contribute to the improvement of water quality indices, thus seeking to obtain one which portrays the various phenomena which occur in water bodies in a more rapid and coherent way with the reality and social context of water resources

Metals and acid volatile sulfide in sediment cores from the Sergipe River Estuary, Northeast, Brazil

Acid volatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) and metals were studied in sediment cores from the Sergipe River Estuary, Brazil. AVS and SEM concentrations were, in general, higher in the core sediments from areas which receive a higher anthropic contribution due to urban pollution. In these cores, the sulfide seemed to be the main connection for the metals. In the core obtained from the area of major marine influence, the most important binding phases for the metals seemed to be associated with organic matter and carbonates. The AVS profiles allow identification of two types of sedimentation processes in the estuary. In all cores SEM/AVS ratios were much lower than 1._________________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMO: Foram estudados o sulfeto volatilizado em meio ácido (AVS), os metais simultaneamente extraídos (SEM) e os metais em sítios de sedimentos do Estuário do Rio Sergipe, Brasil. As concentrações de AVS e SEM foram, em geral, maiores nos sedimentos dos sítios situados nas áreas que recebem maior aporte antrópico devido à poluição urbana. Nesses sítios, o sulfeto parece ser a principal fase de ligação para os metais. No sítio do sedimento situado na área de maior influência marinha, as fases mais importantes de ligação para os metais parecem estar associadas à matéria orgânica e aos carbonatos. Os perfis de AVS permitiram identificar dois tipos de processos de sedimentação no estuário. Em todos os sítios, as relações SEM/AVS foram muito menores do que 1