Imposed potential measurement to evaluate the pitting corrosion resistance and the galvanic behaviour of a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel and its weldment in a LiBr solution at temperatures up to 150ºC

Pitting corrosion resistance and galvanic behaviour of Alloy 31, a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel (UNS N08031), and its weldment were studied in a heavy brine LiBr solution 1080 g/l at different temperatures (75–150 °C) using electrochemical techniques. The Mixed Potential Theory was used to evaluate the galvanic corrosion between the base and welded metals. Cyclic potentiodynamic curves indicate that high temperatures make passivation and repassivation of pits difficult, because the whole passivation range and the repassivation potential values decrease with temperature. The critical pitting transition occurs between 100 and 125 °CWe wish to express our gratitude to Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (CTQ2009-07518/PPQ) for its financial support, to Dr. Helena Elves from Krupp VDM for supplying the materials and to Dr. M. Asuncion Jaime for her translation assistance.Blasco Tamarit, ME.; García García, DM.; García Antón, J. (2011). Imposed potential measurement to evaluate the pitting corrosion resistance and the galvanic behaviour of a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel and its weldment in a LiBr solution at temperatures up to 150ºC. Corrosion Science. 53(2):784-795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.11.013S78479553

El viento: el gran señor invisible

Textos de las páginas 19 a 24, Luisa Hurtado González. Ilustración página 23, Julio Aristizábal ArteagaEl Viento, siempre viajero, nadie le ve ni le ha visto jamás. Se le oye ulular y silbar, las copas de los árboles se inclinan a su paso... Es el gran señor de la atmósfera

La luz: un hada maravillosa

Textos de las páginas 17 a 19, Luisa Hurtado GonzálezLa Luz presume de su belleza en el Universo... Pero el Viento y el Agua no quieren ser menos que ella..

La atmósfera: la piel del mundo

Texto de la sección "Y ahora, algo más de información", Luisa Hurtado GonzálezLas nubes, las nieblas, el arcoíris, los relámpagos... El teatro donde ocurren todos estos fenómenos es la "atmósfera"... Léeme y sabrás más cosas sobre ella

Cavitation corrosion and repassivation kinetics of titanium in a heavy brine LiBr solution evaluated by using electrochemical techniques and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

The cavitation corrosion behaviour of commercially pure Grade 2 titanium in a 992 g/l LiBr solution has been investigated at 25 °C using an ultrasound device. Cavitation was found to have more influence on the anodic branch than on the cathodic branch, shifting the corrosion potential, Ecorr, and the OCP value towards more negative potentials, and increasing the corrosion current density, icorr, by six times. The repassivation kinetics of Grade 2 titanium have also been studied in the 992 g/l LiBr solution, at 25 °C and various applied potentials, using cavitation to damage the electrode surface. The repassivation kinetics have been analysed in terms of the current density flowing from the area damaged by cavitation, and the results were described by the equation i(t) = A·t−n. At potentials within the passive region, the passive film grew according to the high-field ion conduction model in which log i(t) is linearly proportional to 1/q(t). The damage generated during the potentiostatic tests has been quantified by means of Confocal Laser Scanning MicroscopyWe wish express our gratitude to the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Project CTQ2009-07518), for the economical support of this research, to the Generalitat Valenciana for its help in the CLSM acquisition (MY08/ISIRYM/S/100), and to Dr. M. Asuncion Jaime for her translation assistance.Fernández Domene, RM.; Blasco Tamarit, ME.; García García, DM.; García Antón, J. (2011). Cavitation corrosion and repassivation kinetics of titanium in a heavy brine LiBr solution evaluated by using electrochemical techniques and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Electrochimica Acta. 58:264-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.034S2642755

Effect of potential formation on the electrochemical behaviour of a highly-alloyed austenitic stainless steel in contaminated phosphoric acid at different temperatures

The electrochemical behaviour of the highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel UNS N08031 (Alloy 31) in a contaminated phosphoric acid solution is studied using potentiodynamic curves, EIS and Mott–Shottky. The relative stability of the films formed on Alloy 31 has been studied after a pre-passivated treatment at 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 VAg/AgCl, potentials within the passive domain. The protection of Alloy 31 was provided by the inner oxide film, while the outer film was more defective. The electronic-semiconducting properties of the passive films have been correlated to corrosion resistance. Passivated Alloy 31 at 0.8 VAg/AgCl showed lower concentration of charge carriers, which beneficially affects the protecting and electronic properties of the passive oxide film.The authors wish to express their gratitude to the MAEC of Spain (PCI Mediterraneo C/8196/07, C/018046/08, D/023608/09 and D/030177/10), to Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion y Desarrollo de la UPV (PAID-06-09), to the Generalitat Valenciana (GV/2011/093) for the financial support and to Dra. Asuncion Jaime for her translation assistance.Escrivá Cerdán, C.; Blasco Tamarit, ME.; García García, DM.; García Antón, J.; Guenbour, A. (2012). Effect of potential formation on the electrochemical behaviour of a highly-alloyed austenitic stainless steel in contaminated phosphoric acid at different temperatures. Electrochimica Acta. 80:248-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.012S2482568

Selection for environmental variance of litter size in rabbits involves genes in pathways controlling animal resilience

[EN] Background Environmental variance (V-E) is partially under genetic control, which means that the V-E of individuals that share the same environment can differ because they have different genotypes. Previously, a divergent selection experiment for V-E of litter size (LS) during 13 generations in rabbit yielded a successful response and revealed differences in resilience between the divergent lines. The aim of the current study was to identify signatures of selection in these divergent lines to better understand the molecular mechanisms and pathways that control V-E of LS and animal resilience. Three methods (F-ST, ROH and varLD) were used to identify signatures of selection in a set of 473 genotypes from these rabbit lines (377) and a base population (96). A whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was performed on 54 animals to detect genes with functional mutations. Results By combining signatures of selection and WGS data, we detected 373 genes with functional mutations in their transcription units, among which 111 had functions related to the immune system, stress response, reproduction and embryo development, and/or carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The genes TTC23L, FBXL20, GHDC, ENSOCUG00000031631, SLC18A1, CD300LG, MC2R, and ENSOCUG00000006264 were particularly relevant, since each one carried a functional mutation that was fixed in one of the rabbit lines and absent in the other line. In the 3MODIFIER LETTER PRIMEUTR region of the MC2R and ENSOCUG00000006264 genes, we detected a novel insertion/deletion (INDEL) variant. Conclusions Our findings provide further evidence in favour of V-E as a measure of animal resilience. Signatures of selection were identified for V-E of LS in genes that have a functional mutation in their transcription units and are mostly implicated in the immune response and stress response pathways. However, the real implications of these genes for V-E and animal resilience will need to be assessed through functional analyses.We are grateful to CEGEN-PRB3-ISCIII for their genotyping service, supported by Grant No PT17/0019 of the PE I+D+i 2013-2016, funded by ISCIII and ERDF. Cristina Casto-Rebollo acknowledges a FPU17/01196 scholarship from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. This study was supported by Projects AGL2014-5592, C2-1-P and C2-2-P, and AGL2017-86083, C2-1-P and C2-2-P, funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MIC)-Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER).Casto-Rebollo, C.; Argente, MJ.; García, ML.; Blasco Mateu, A.; Ibáñez-Escriche, N. (2021). Selection for environmental variance of litter size in rabbits involves genes in pathways controlling animal resilience. Genetics Selection Evolution. 53(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-021-00653-y53

A comparison between NIR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for varietal differentiation of Spanish intact almonds

[EN] The rapid and easy classification of almond varieties with similar morphology, different quality properties and, in most cases, different prices is interesting to protect both the almond industry and the consumers from fraud. Therefore, in this work, intact almond kernels from four Spanish varieties (`Guara¿, `Rumbeta¿, `Marcona¿ and `Planeta¿) were analysed using both near infrared (NIR) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. After spectra measurement, NIR and ATR-FTIR spectral data were pre-treated and employed to construct two classification methods (partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA)) in order to check their ability to classify almonds according to their variety. The best overall accuracies (94.45%) were obtained with the PLS-DA model of ATR-FTIR and the QDA model of NIR data. These results confirm that both spectroscopic techniques, if the optimal statistical model is selected, are powerful tools to reliably discriminate almonds according to their varieties.Victoria Cortés López thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports for the FPU grant (FPU13/04202). The authors wish to thank the cooperative Agricoop for kindly providing the samples used in the experiments. This work was partially funded by INIA and FEDER funds through project RTA2015-00078-00-00.Cortes-Lopez, V.; Barat Baviera, JM.; Talens Oliag, P.; Blasco, J.; Lerma-García, MJ. (2018). A comparison between NIR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for varietal differentiation of Spanish intact almonds. Food Control. 94:241-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.020S2412489

Correlated Response to Selection for Litter Size Residual Variability in Rabbits' Body Condition

[EN] Selection for decreasing litter size residual variance has been proposed as an indirect way to select for resilience. Resilience has been directly related to welfare. A good body condition and efficient body fat mobilization have been associated with an optimal level of animal welfare. Two rabbit lines have been divergently selected for litter size residual variability. The low line selected for decreasing litter size variance more efficiently managed the body fat from mating to weaning in the second productive cycle in females compared to the high line, which could be related to the lower culling rate reported previously in the low line. Therefore, body condition can be used as a useful biomarker of resilience. A divergent selection experiment for residual variance of litter size at birth was carried out in rabbits during twelve generations. Residual variance of litter size was estimated as the within-doe variance of litter size after pre-correction for year and season as well as parity and lactation status effects. The aim of this work was to study the correlated response to selection for litter size residual variability in body condition from mating to weaning. Body condition is related directly to an animal's fat deposits. Perirenal fat is the main fat deposit in rabbits. Individual body weight (IBW) and perirenal fat thickness (PFT) were used to measure body condition at second mating, delivery, 10 days after delivery, and weaning. Litter size of the first three parities was analyzed. Both lines decreased body condition between mating to delivery; however, the decrease in body condition at delivery was lower in the low line, despite this line having higher litter size at birth (+0.54 kits, p = 0.93). The increment of body condition between delivery and early lactation was slightly higher in the low line. On the other hand, body condition affected success of females' receptivity and fertility at the third mating, e.g., receptive females showed a higher IBW and PFT than unreceptive ones (+129 g and +0.28 mm, respectively), and fertile females had a higher IBW and PFT than unfertile ones (+82 g and +0.28 mm, respectively). In conclusion, the does selected for reducing litter size variability showed a better deal with situations of high-energy demand, such as delivery and lactation, than those selected for increasing litter size variability, which would agree with the better health and welfare condition in the low line.This research was supported by Project AGL2017-86083-C2-2-P, funding by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MIC)-Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER).Agea, I.; García, MDLL.; Blasco Mateu, A.; Massanyi, P.; Capcarová, M.; Argente, M. (2020). Correlated Response to Selection for Litter Size Residual Variability in Rabbits' Body Condition. Animals. 10(12):1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122447S181012Colditz, I. G., & Hine, B. C. (2016). Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare. Animal Production Science, 56(12), 1961. doi:10.1071/an15297Berghof, T. V. L., Poppe, M., & Mulder, H. A. (2019). Opportunities to Improve Resilience in Animal Breeding Programs. Frontiers in Genetics, 9. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00692Schröder, U. J., & Staufenbiel, R. (2006). Invited Review: Methods to Determine Body Fat Reserves in the Dairy Cow with Special Regard to Ultrasonographic Measurement of Backfat Thickness. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(1), 1-14. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72064-1Maes, D. G. D., Janssens, G. P. J., Delputte, P., Lammertyn, A., & de Kruif, A. (2004). Back fat measurements in sows from three commercial pig herds: relationship with reproductive efficiency and correlation with visual body condition scores. Livestock Production Science, 91(1-2), 57-67. doi:10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.015Pascual, J. J., Castella, F., Cervera, C., Blas, E., & Fernández-Carmona, J. (2000). The use of ultrasound measurement of perirenal fat thickness to estimate changes in body condition of young female rabbits. Animal Science, 70(3), 435-442. doi:10.1017/s135772980005178xBarletta, R. V., Maturana Filho, M., Carvalho, P. D., Del Valle, T. A., Netto, A. S., Rennó, F. P., … Wiltbank, M. C. (2017). Association of changes among body condition score during the transition period with NEFA and BHBA concentrations, milk production, fertility, and health of Holstein cows. Theriogenology, 104, 30-36. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.030Van Staaveren, N., Doyle, B., Manzanilla, E. G., Calderón Díaz, J. A., Hanlon, A., & Boyle, L. A. (2017). Validation of carcass lesions as indicators for on-farm health and welfare of pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 95(4), 1528. doi:10.2527/jas2016.1180Sánchez, J. P., de la Fuente, L. F., & Rosell, J. M. (2012). Health and body condition of lactating females on rabbit farms1. Journal of Animal Science, 90(7), 2353-2361. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4065Mulder, H. A., & Rashidi, H. (2017). Selection on resilience improves disease resistance and tolerance to infections. Journal of Animal Science, 95(8), 3346. doi:10.2527/jas2017.1479Argente, M. J., García, M. L., Zbyňovská, K., Petruška, P., Capcarová, M., & Blasco, A. (2019). Correlated response to selection for litter size environmental variability in rabbits’ resilience. Animal, 13(10), 2348-2355. doi:10.1017/s1751731119000302Blasco, A., Martínez-Álvaro, M., García, M.-L., Ibáñez-Escriche, N., & Argente, M.-J. (2017). Selection for environmental variance of litter size in rabbits. Genetics Selection Evolution, 49(1). doi:10.1186/s12711-017-0323-4Beloumi, D., Blasco, A., Muelas, R., Santacreu, M. A., García, M. de la L., & Argente, M.-J. (2020). Inflammatory Correlated Response in Two Lines of Rabbit Selected Divergently for Litter Size Environmental Variability. Animals, 10(9), 1540. doi:10.3390/ani10091540García, M. L., Blasco, A., García, M. E., & Argente, M. J. (2019). Correlated response in body condition and energy mobilisation in rabbits selected for litter size variability. Animal, 13(4), 784-789. doi:10.1017/s1751731118002203Pascual J.J., Blanco J., Piquer O., & Quevedo F. Cervera C. (2010). Ultrasound measurements of perirenal fat thickness to estimate the body condition of reproducing rabbit does in different physiological states. World Rabbit Science, 12(1). doi:10.4995/wrs.2004.584Iung, L. H. de S., Carvalheiro, R., Neves, H. H. de R., & Mulder, H. A. (2019). Genetics and genomics of uniformity and resilience in livestock and aquaculture species: A review. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 137(3), 263-280. doi:10.1111/jbg.12454Agea, I., García, M.-L., Blasco, A., & Argente, M.-J. (2019). Litter Survival Differences between Divergently Selected Lines for Environmental Sensitivity in Rabbits. Animals, 9(9), 603. doi:10.3390/ani9090603Fortun-Lamothe, L. (2006). Energy balance and reproductive performance in rabbit does. Animal Reproduction Science, 93(1-2), 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.06.009Feugier, A., & Fortun-Lamothe, L. (2006). Extensive reproductive rhythm and early weaning improve body condition and fertility of rabbit does. Animal Research, 55(5), 459-470. doi:10.1051/animres:2006025Theilgaard, P., Baselga, M., Blas, E., Friggens, N. C., Cervera, C., & Pascual, J. J. (2009). Differences in productive robustness in rabbits selected for reproductive longevity or litter size. Animal, 3(5), 637-646. doi:10.1017/s1751731109003838Theilgaard, P., Sánchez, J. P., Pascual, J. J., Friggens, N. C., & Baselga, M. (2006). Effect of body fatness and selection for prolificacy on survival of rabbit does assessed using a cryopreserved control population. Livestock Science, 103(1-2), 65-73. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2006.01.007Arias-Álvarez, M., García-García, R. M., Rebollar, P. G., Revuelta, L., Millán, P., & Lorenzo, P. L. (2009). Influence of metabolic status on oocyte quality and follicular characteristics at different postpartum periods in primiparous rabbit does. Theriogenology, 72(5), 612-623. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.04.017Castellini, C. (2007). Reproductive activity and welfare of rabbit does. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(sup1), 743-747. doi:10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.743Castellini, C., Dal Bosco, A., Arias-Álvarez, M., Lorenzo, P. L., Cardinali, R., & Rebollar, P. G. (2010). The main factors affecting the reproductive performance of rabbit does: A review. Animal Reproduction Science, 122(3-4), 174-182. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.10.003Xiccato, G., Bernardini, M., Castellini, C., Dalle Zotte, A., Queaque, P. I., & Trocino, A. (1999). Effect of postweaning feeding on the performance and energy balance of female rabbits at different physiological states. Journal of Animal Science, 77(2), 416. doi:10.2527/1999.772416xCardinali, R., Dal Bosco, A., Bonanno, A., Di Grigoli, A., Rebollar, P. G., Lorenzo, P. L., & Castellini, C. (2008). Connection between body condition score, chemical characteristics of body and reproductive traits of rabbit does. Livestock Science, 116(1-3), 209-215. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.10.004Castellini, C., Dal Bosco, A., & Cardinali, R. (2006). Long term effect of post-weaning rhythm on the body fat and performance of rabbit doe. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 46(2), 195-204. doi:10.1051/rnd:200600

Inflammatory correlated response in two lines of rabbit selected divergently for litter size environmental variability

[EN] Animal welfare is a priority objective for the livestock industry. Litter size environmental variability has been related to environmental sensitivity. A divergent selection experiment for environmental variance of litter size variance was carried out successfully in rabbits over thirteen generations. The low line showed a lower inflammatory response and susceptibility to infectious disorders than the high line. In conclusion, the decrease of environmental sensitivity seems to increase the adaptation of the animal to the environment, and thus, its welfare.This research was supported by Projects AGL2017-86083, C2-1-P and C2-2-P, funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MIC)-Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) "Una manera de hacer Europa" and Project AICO/2019/169 funded by Valencia Regional Government.Beloumi, D.; Blasco Mateu, A.; Muelas, R.; Santacreu Jerez, MA.; García, MDLL.; Argente, M. (2020). 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PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0202555. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202555Chen, W., Zheng, K. I., Liu, S., Yan, Z., Xu, C., & Qiao, Z. (2020). Plasma CRP level is positively associated with the severity of COVID-19. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 19(1). doi:10.1186/s12941-020-00362-2Stoner, L., Lucero, A. A., Palmer, B. R., Jones, L. M., Young, J. M., & Faulkner, J. (2013). Inflammatory biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease. Clinical Biochemistry, 46(15), 1353-1371. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.070Iung, L. H. de S., Carvalheiro, R., Neves, H. H. de R., & Mulder, H. A. (2019). Genetics and genomics of uniformity and resilience in livestock and aquaculture species: A review. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 137(3), 263-280. doi:10.1111/jbg.12454Blasco, A., Martínez-Álvaro, M., García, M.-L., Ibáñez-Escriche, N., & Argente, M.-J. (2017). Selection for environmental variance of litter size in rabbits. Genetics Selection Evolution, 49(1). doi:10.1186/s12711-017-0323-4Argente, M. J., García, M. L., Zbyňovská, K., Petruška, P., Capcarová, M., & Blasco, A. (2019). Correlated response to selection for litter size environmental variability in rabbits’ resilience. Animal, 13(10), 2348-2355. doi:10.1017/s1751731119000302Leineweber, C., Müller, E., & Marschang, R. E. (2018). Blood reference intervals for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from routine diagnostic samples. Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere, 46(06), 393-398. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1677403Mbanasor, U. U., Anene, B. M., Chime, A. B., Nnaji, T. O., Eze, J. I., & Ezekwe, A. G. (2003). Haematology of normal and trypanosome infected Muturu cattle in southeastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 30(2). doi:10.4314/njap.v30i2.3300Moore, D. M., Zimmerman, K., & Smith, S. A. (2015). Hematological Assessment in Pet Rabbits. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 18(1), 9-19. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2014.09.003García-Quirós, A., Arnau-Bonachera, A., Penadés, M., Cervera, C., Martínez-Paredes, E., Ródenas, L., … Pascual, J. J. (2014). A robust rabbit line increases leucocyte counts at weaning and reduces mortality by digestive disorder during fattening. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 161(3-4), 123-131. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.005Ma, T., & Gao, Y. (2020). New insights into roles of basophils in initiating T helper type 2 immunity. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 12(1), 14-18. doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2019.09.006Furze, R. C., & Rankin, S. M. (2008). Neutrophil mobilization and clearance in the bone marrow. Immunology, 125(3), 281-288. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02950.xMahgoub, O., Kadim, I. T., Tageldin, M. H., Al-Marzooqi, W. S., Khalaf, S. Q., & Ali, A. A. (2008). Clinical profile of sheep fed non-conventional feeds containing phenols and condensed tannins. 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