Implementing a care pathway for elderly patients, a comparative qualitative process evaluation in primary care

Background: In Central Norway a generic care pathway was developed in collaboration between general hospitals and primary care with the intention of implementing it into everyday practice. The care pathway targeted elderly patients who were in need of home care services after discharge from hospital. The aim of the present study was to investigate the implementation process of the care pathway by comparing the experiences of health care professionals and managers in home care services between the participating municipalities. Methods: This was a qualitative comparative process evaluation using data from individual and focus group interviews. The Normalization Process Theory, which provides a framework for understanding how a new intervention becomes part of normal practice, was applied in our analysis. Results: In all of the municipalities there were expectations that the generic care pathway would improve care coordination and quality of follow-up, but a substantial amount of work was needed to make the regular home care staff understand how to use the care pathway. Other factors of importance for successful implementation were involvement of the executive municipal management, strong managerial focus on creating engagement and commitment among all professional groups, practical facilitation of work processes, and a stable organisation without major competing priorities. At the end of the project period, the pathway was integrated in daily practice in two of the six municipalities. In these municipalities the care pathway was found to have the potential of structuring the provision of home care services and collaboration with the GPs, and serving as a management tool to effect change and improve knowledge and skills. Conclusion: The generic care pathway for elderly patients has a potential of improving follow-up in primary care by meeting professional and managerial needs for improved quality of care, as well as more efficient organisation of home care services. However, implementation of this complex intervention in full-time running organisations was demanding and required comprehensive and prolonged efforts in all levels of the organisation. Studies on implementation of such complex interventions should therefore have a long follow-up time to identify whether the intervention becomes integrated into everyday practice

Intermediate care at a community hospital as an alternative to prolonged general hospital care for elderly patients: a randomised controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Demographic changes together with an increasing demand among older people for hospital beds and other health services make allocation of resources to the most efficient care level a vital issue. The aim of this trial was to study the efficacy of intermediate care at a community hospital compared to standard prolonged care at a general hospital.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In a randomised controlled trial 142 patients aged 60 or more admitted to a general hospital due to acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease 72 (intervention group) were randomised to intermediate care at a community hospital and 70 (general hospital group) to further general hospital care.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the intervention group 14 patients (19.4%) were readmitted for the same disease compared to 25 patients (35.7%) in the general hospital group (p = 0.03). After 26 weeks 18 (25.0%) patients in the intervention group were independent of community care compared to seven (10.0%) in the general hospital group (p = 0.02). There were an insignificant reduction in the number of deaths and an insignificant increase in the number of days with inward care in the intervention group. The number of patients admitted to long-term nursing homes from the intervention group was insignificantly higher than from the general hospital group.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Intermediate care at a community hospital significantly decreased the number of readmissions for the same disease to general hospital, and a significantly higher number of patients were independent of community care after 26 weeks of follow-up, without any increase in mortality and number of days in institutions.</p

Tuberculosis screening and follow-up of asylum seekers in Norway: a cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>About 80% of new tuberculosis cases in Norway occur among immigrants from high incidence countries. On arrival to the country all asylum seekers are screened with Mantoux test and chest x-ray aimed to identify cases of active tuberculosis and, in the case of latent tuberculosis, to offer follow-up or prophylactic treatment.</p> <p>We assessed a national programme for screening, treatment and follow-up of tuberculosis infection and disease in a cohort of asylum seekers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Asylum seekers ≥ 18 years who arrived at the National Reception Centre from January 2005 to June 2006, were included as the total cohort. Those with a Mantoux test ≥ 6 mm or positive x-ray findings were included in a study group for follow-up.</p> <p>Data were collected from public health authorities in the municipality to where the asylum seekers had moved, and from hospital based internists in case they had been referred to specialist care.</p> <p>Individual subjects included in the study group were matched with the Norwegian National Tuberculosis Register which receive reports of everybody diagnosed with active tuberculosis, or who had started treatment for latent tuberculosis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The total cohort included 4643 adult asylum seekers and 97.5% had a valid Mantoux test. At least one inclusion criterion was fulfilled by 2237 persons. By end 2007 municipal public health authorities had assessed 758 (34%) of them. Altogether 328 persons had been seen by an internist. Of 314 individuals with positive x-rays, 194 (62%) had seen an internist, while 86 of 568 with Mantoux ≥ 15, but negative x-rays (16%) were also seen by an internist. By December 31^st2006, 23 patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis (prevalence 1028/100 000) and another 11 were treated for latent infection.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The coverage of screening was satisfactory, but fewer subjects than could have been expected from the national guidelines were followed up in the community and referred to an internist. To improve follow-up of screening results, a simplification of organisation and guidelines, introduction of quality assurance systems, and better coordination between authorities and between different levels of health care are all required.</p

Unwanted incidents during transition of geriatric patients from hospital to home: a prospective observational study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Geriatric patients recently discharged from hospital experience increased chance of unplanned readmissions and admission to nursing homes. Several studies have shown that medication-related discrepancies are common. Few studies report unwanted incidents by other factors than medications. In 2002 an ambulatory team (AT) was established within the Department of Geriatrics, St. Olavs University Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway. The AT monitored the transition of the patients from hospital to home and four weeks after discharge in order to reveal unwanted incidents.</p> <p>The aim of the present study was to describe unwanted incidents registered by the AT among patients discharged from a geriatric evaluation and management unit (GEMU) by character, frequency and stage in the transitional process. Only unwanted incidents with a severity making contact with the primary health care (PHC) necessary were registered.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective observational study with patients treated in the GEMU and followed by the AT was performed. Current practice included comprehensive geriatric assessment and management including discharge planning in the GEMU and collaboration with the primary health care on appointments on assistance to be provided after discharge from hospital. Unwanted incidents severe enough to induce contact with the primary health care were registered during the transitional phase and after discharge.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>118 patients (65% female), with mean age 83.2 ± 6.4 years participated. Median Barthel Index at discharge was 18 (interquartile range 16-19) and median Mini Mental Status Examination 24 (interquartile range 21-26). A total of 146 unwanted incidents were registered in 70 (59%) of the patients. Most frequent were unwanted incidents related to drug prescription regime (32%), exchange of information in and between the GEMU and the primary health care (25%) and service or help provided from the PHC (17%).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Despite a seemingly well-organised system for transition of patients from the GEMU to their homes, one or more unwanted incidents occurred in most patients during discharge or four weeks post discharge. The study has revealed areas of importance for improving transitional care of geriatric patients.</p

Building consensus about eHealth in Slovene primary health care: Delphi study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Slovenia's national eHealth strategy aims to develop an efficient, flexible and modern health care informatics framework that would be comparable to the most successful EU countries. To achieve this goal, the gap between availability and usage of information and communication technology by primary care physicians needs to be reduced.</p> <p>As recent efforts show, consensus on information and communication technology purpose and usage in primary care needs to be established before any national information and communication technology solutions are developed.</p> <p>The aim of this study was to identify the most appropriate measures in implementation of Slovene national eHealth strategy and to suggest an appropriate model for success by using the three round Delphi study.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An e-mail based, three-round Delphi study was undertaken to achieve consensus from a selected sample of nationally recognized experts from the fields of primary health care and medical informatics. The aim of this study was to identify the most appropriate measures and key obstacles in implementation of eHealth in Slovene primary health care by using the Delphi study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>High levels of consensus on the majority of suggested measures were achieved among all study participants, as well as between the subgroups of experts from primary health care and medical informatics. All aims of the three-round Delphi study on eHealth implementation in Slovenian primary health care were achieved.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The three round decision Delphi process has proven to be effective for developing outcomes, ranking key priorities in primary care eHealth development, and achieving consensus among the most influential experts in that field. This consensus is an important contribution to future national eHealth strategies in the field of primary health care.</p

The Trondheim Model: Improving the professional communication between the various levels of health care services and implementaion of intermediate care at a community hospital could provide better care for older patients: Short and long term effects

Studie I Bakgrunn: Formålet med studie I var å evaluere kvaliteten på den skriftlige kommunikasjonen mellom kommune- og spesialisthelsetjenesten ved innleggelse i og utskriving fra sykehus med et spesielt fokus på hvem som hadde oppfølgingsansvaret. I tillegg skulle det estimeres hvor mange pasienter som eventuelt kunne blitt behandlet utenfor sykehus i stedet for innleggelse i sykehus. Materiale og metode: I studie 1 bestod pasientutvalget av 100 innleggelsesskriv og epikriser for pasienter på over 75 år fortløpende innlagt ved ortopedisk, lunge- og kardiologisk avdeling ved St. Olavs Hospital fra Trondheim og Malvik kommuner vinteren 2002. Vurderingene ble gjort ved hjelp av en Delfi-teknikk med to forskjellige ekspertpanel bestående en erfaren spesialist i allmennmedisin, en sykepleier fra kommunen med erfaring fra omsorgstjenester og en sykehusspesialist. Panelene vurderte kvaliteten på beskrivelsen av sykehistorie, aktuelt, funn, medisiner, ADL, sosialt nettverk, behov for omsorgstjenester, og foretok en vurdering av nytte av sykehusopphold og om pasientene kunne ha blitt behandlet i allmennpraksis, på en akuttpoliklinikk eller på et sykehjem. Resultater: I henvisningsbrevene var sykehistorie, funn og medikamenter svært godt beskrevet i henholdsvis 39 %, 56 % og 39 % av tilfellene. I epikrisene var tilsvarende områder beskrevet svært godt i 92 %, 55 % og 82 % av tilfellene. Bare halvpartene av epikrisene hadde tilfredsstillende beskrivelse av ADL. Ca 2/3 av pasientene ble vurdert til å ha svært god nytte av sykehusoppholdet, og en av seks pasientene kunne ha blitt behandlet uten innleggelse i sykehuset. Mens sykehusspesialistene vurderte at 77 % av pasientene hadde stor nytte av innleggelsen, vurderte allmennlegene at bare 59 % hadde stor nytte av oppholdet. En av fire epikriser beskrev ikke hvem som hadde oppfølgingsansvaret. Konklusjon: Både innleggesskrivene og epikrisene manglet viktig medisinsk informasjon. Innleggeselsskrivene manglet så mye informasjon at i mange tilfeller kunne dette representere en helserisiko for pasientene. Det var også dårlig samsvar mellom på første- og andrelinjenivå om hva som ble forstått som god kvalitet på innleggelsesskriv og epikriser. Det var heller ikke enighet om hvilke pasienter som hadde god nytte av sykehusoppholdet. Studie II Bakgrunn: Formålet med studien var å sammenlikne bruk av helse- og omsorgstjenester, kostnader og død under seks og 12 måneders oppfølging av pasienter sluttbehandlet på en intermediæravdeling i sykehjem med tradisjonell behandling i sykehus. Materiale og metode: I en randomisert kontrollert studie ble 142 pasienter over 60 år innlagt St. Olavs Hospital for akutt sykdom eller forverring av kronisk sykdom slutt- og etterbehandlet på en intermediæravdeling i et sykehjem eller på sykehuset. Intervensjonsgruppen, 72 pasienter, ble mens de var innlagt på sykehuset, randomisert til sluttbehandling på sykehjemmet, mens sykehusgruppen, 70 pasienter, ble randomisert til standard viderebehandling på sykehuset. Resultatene er basert på intention-to-treat analyser og justert for alder, kjønn, ADL og diagnoser. Resultater: Reinnleggelser: I intervensjonsgruppen ble 14 pasienter (19,4 %) reinnlagt sammenlignet med 25 pasienter (35,7 %) i sykehusgruppen (p=0,03); Resultater etter seks måneder: Etter seks måneder var det 18 (25,0 %) klarte seg selv i intervensjonsgruppen sammenlignet med syv (10,0 %) (p=0,02) i sykehusgruppen. Det var en ikke signifikant reduksjon av antall døde i intervensjonsgruppen med en ikke signifikant økning i dager innlagt i institusjon for den initiale behandlingsperioden. Samlede gjennomsnittlige behandlings- og omsorgskostnader per pasient var for de første seks månedene NOK 78632 (95 % CI 59168-98096) i intervensjonsgruppen sammenlignet med NOK 112568 (95 % CI 85736-139392) i sykehusgruppen (p=0,003). Gjennomsnittlige forskjell behandlings- og omsorgskostnader per pasient og observasjonsdag var NOK 296 (95 % CI 8-568) (p=0,003); Resultater etter 12 måneder: Etter 12 måneder var 13 (18,1 %) døde i intervensjonsgruppens og 22 døde (31,4 %) i sykehusgruppen (p=0,03). Pasientene i intervensjonsgruppen var under observasjon i en lengre tidsperiode enn sykehusgruppen: 335,7 (95 % CI 312,0-359,4) sammenlignet med 12 292,8 (95 % CI 264,1-321,5) dager (p=0,01). Det var ingen statistiske forskjeller i behovet for kommunal langtidsomsorg, antall sykehusinnleggelse eller dager i sykehus mellom gruppene. Gjennomsnittlige behandlings- og omsorgskostnader per pasient og observasjonsdag var NOK 606 (95 % CI 450-761) i intervensjonsgruppen sammenlignet med NOK 802 (95 % CI 641-962) i sykehusgruppen (p=0,03). Konklusjon: Sluttbehandling på intermediært nivå i et sykehjem medførte færre reinnleggelser, at flere pasienter klarte seg selv uten kommunale omsorgstjenester og lavere mortalitet. Samtidig var behandlingstilbudet kostnadseffektivt

Long-term patients’ outcomes after intermediate care at a community hospital for elderly patients: 12-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial

Background: Developing a better understanding of if, and when, patients need care at a general hospital is an urgent challenge, as the proportion of general hospital beds being occupied by older patients is continuously increasing. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, of 142 patients aged 60 years or more admitted to a city general hospital due to acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease, 72 (intervention group) were randomized to intermediate care at a community hospital, and 70 (general hospital group) to further general hospital care. The patients were followed up for 12 months. The need for long-term home care and nursing homes, mortality and the number of admissions and days in general hospital for all diseases were monitored. Results: Thirty-five patients, 13 (18.1%) of the patients included in the intervention group and 22 (31.4%) in the general hospital group, died within 12 months (p=0.03). Patients in the intervention group were observed for a longer period of time than those in the general hospital group; 335.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 312.0—359.4) vs. 292.8 (95% CI 264.1—321.5) days (p=0.01). There were statistically no differences in the need for long-term primary-level care or in the number of admissions or days spent in general hospital beds. Conclusions: Intermediate care at the community hospital in Trondheim is an equal alternative to ordinary prolonged care at the city general hospital, as fewer patients were in need of community care services, and significantly fewer patients died during the 12-month follow-up time

Implementing a care pathway for elderly patients, a comparative qualitative process evaluation in primary care

Background: In Central Norway a generic care pathway was developed in collaboration between general hospitals and primary care with the intention of implementing it into everyday practice. The care pathway targeted elderly patients who were in need of home care services after discharge from hospital. The aim of the present study was to investigate the implementation process of the care pathway by comparing the experiences of health care professionals and managers in home care services between the participating municipalities. Methods: This was a qualitative comparative process evaluation using data from individual and focus group interviews. The Normalization Process Theory, which provides a framework for understanding how a new intervention becomes part of normal practice, was applied in our analysis. Results: In all of the municipalities there were expectations that the generic care pathway would improve care coordination and quality of follow-up, but a substantial amount of work was needed to make the regular home care staff understand how to use the care pathway. Other factors of importance for successful implementation were involvement of the executive municipal management, strong managerial focus on creating engagement and commitment among all professional groups, practical facilitation of work processes, and a stable organisation without major competing priorities. At the end of the project period, the pathway was integrated in daily practice in two of the six municipalities. In these municipalities the care pathway was found to have the potential of structuring the provision of home care services and collaboration with the GPs, and serving as a management tool to effect change and improve knowledge and skills. Conclusion: The generic care pathway for elderly patients has a potential of improving follow-up in primary care by meeting professional and managerial needs for improved quality of care, as well as more efficient organisation of home care services. However, implementation of this complex intervention in full-time running organisations was demanding and required comprehensive and prolonged efforts in all levels of the organisation. Studies on implementation of such complex interventions should therefore have a long follow-up time to identify whether the intervention becomes integrated into everyday practice