Parental perceptions of the effects of exercise on behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD

AbstractBackgroundAnecdotally, parents often report that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who engage in regular physical activity (PA) experience positive behavioral changes. The purpose of this study was to examine this anecdotal relationship to provide preliminary evidence relevant to the potential benefits of PA on ADHD symptoms.MethodsParents (n = 68) of children diagnosed with ADHD completed an Internet survey assessing perceptions of how PA influences their child's symptoms.ResultsA significantly greater percentage of parents reported that regular PA positively impacted symptoms. However, there were no uniform effects for all types of ADHD symptoms. The results indicate that there may be more positive benefits for symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity than for those of impulsivity.ConclusionThis is the first study to empirically document parents' perceptions of how PA influences ADHD and suggests that PA can be a viable strategy for reducing symptoms. PA may have greater benefits for specific symptoms of ADHD, providing critical information for developing PA interventions for children and adolescents

Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Subsets—More Than Just Developmental Intermediates

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a CD1d-restricted T cell population that can respond to lipid antigenic stimulation within minutes by secreting a wide variety of cytokines. This broad functional scope has placed iNKT cells at the frontlines of many kinds of immune responses. Although the diverse functional capacities of iNKT cells have long been acknowledged, only recently have distinct iNKT cell subsets, each with a marked functional predisposition, been appreciated. Furthermore, the subsets can frequently occupy distinct niches in different tissues and sometimes establish long-term tissue residency where they can impact homeostasis and respond quickly when they sense perturbations. In this review, we discuss the developmental origins of the iNKT cell subsets, their localization patterns, and detail what is known about how different subsets specifically influence their surroundings in conditions of steady and diseased states

Growth of aligned carbon nanotubes on carbon microfibers by dc plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

It is shown that unidirectionally aligned carbon nanotubes can be grown on electrically conductive network of carbon microfibers via control of buffer layer material and applied electric field during dc plasma chemical vapor deposition growth. Ni catalyst deposition on carbon microfiber produces relatively poorly aligned nanotubes with significantly varying diameters and lengths obtained. The insertion of Ti 5 nm thick underlayer between Ni catalyst layer and C microfiber substrate significantly alters the morphology of nanotubes, resulting in much better aligned, finer diameter, and longer array of nanotubes. This beneficial effect is attributed to the reduced reaction between Ni and carbon paper, as well as prevention of plasma etching of carbon paper by inserting a Ti buffer layer. Such a unidirectionally aligned nanotube structure on an open-pore conductive substrate structure may conveniently be utilized as a high-surface-area base electrodes for fuel cells, batteries, and other electrochemical and catalytic reactions

TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP STRATEGI PEMASARAN DALAM BUDIDAYA UDANG TAMBAK(Studi Di Desa Pengubaian Kecamatan Kaur Selatan Kabupaten Kaur Provinsi Bengkulu)

ABSTRAK Pemasaran Islam adalah sebuah displin bisnis strategi yang mengarahkan proses penciptaan, penawaran dan perubahan values dari satu investor kepada stakholders(pemilik kepentingan) yang dalam keseluruhan proses sesuai akad serta prinsip-prinsip Al-Quran dan Hadist. Tujuan adanya strategi pemasaran ialah bisa tercapainya suatu upaya mempertahankan dan meningkatkan penjualan untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang lebih besar. Islam sangat mengedepankan prinsip saling rela (ridha) dan menghidari riba. Dimana konsumen yang membeli udang tambak belum mengetahui secara pasti bentuk dari udang yang dijual oleh pemilik itu sendiri.Dengan begitu apakah strategi pemasaran yang dilakukan pemilik udang tambak melakukan pemasaran dalam penjualannya sesuai dengan hukum Islam atau tidak. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah Bagaimana praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak yang ada Desa Pengubaian. Bagaimana Tinjauan Dari Hukum Islam terhadap praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak Desa Pengubaian. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Bagaimana praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak yang ada Desa Pengubaian. Bagaimana Tinjauan Dari Hukum Islam terhadap praktik Strategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak Desa Pengubaian. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan yang dilakukan pada pemilik, pengelola dan konsumen udang tambak di Desa PengubaianKecamatan Kaur Selatan. Sumber data yang penulis gunakan adalah terdiri dari sumber data primer yaitu data-data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dan dokumentasi dan sumber data sekunder yaitu data-data yang diperoleh dari penelaahan buku-buku yang berkaitan dan menunjang penelitian ini.Setelah data terkumpul penulis melakukan analisis data dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa praktikStrategi Pemasaran Budidaya Udang Tambak Desa Pengubaiandengan cara promosi yang dimana promosi bertujuan untuk memberi informasi, mempengaruhi iii atu membujuk kepada calon pelanggan agar produknya dapat digunakan dan diterima oleh konsumen penentuan hargaudang tambak yang dijual masih dalam tarif harga yang normal. Hal ini tentunya tidak bertentangan dengan hukum Islam. Dan transaksi pertukaran antara barang dengan barang atau barang dengan uang dengan jalan melepaskan hak milik dari satu dengan yang lain atas dasar saling merelakan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang dibenarkan syara’ (hukum Islam)

Control of carbon nanotube morphology by change of applied bias field during growth

Carbon nanotube morphology has been engineered via simple control of applied voltage during dc plasma chemical vapor deposition growth. Below a critical applied voltage, a nanotube configuration of vertically aligned tubes with a constant diameter is obtained. Above the critical voltage, a nanocone-type configuration is obtained. The strongly field-dependent transition in morphology is attributed primarily to the plasma etching and decrease in the size of nanotube-nucleating catalyst particles. A two-step control of applied voltage allows a creation of dual-structured nanotube morphology consisting of a broad base nanocone (~200 nm dia.) with a small diameter nanotube (~7 nm) vertically emanating from the apex of the nanocone, which may be useful for atomic force microscopy

Associations among physical activity, ADHD symptoms, and executive function in children with ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the leading childhood psychiatric disorders and is a costly public health problem. ADHD causes multiple impairments and while stimulant medications are effective in treating core symptoms of ADHD, some children are not responsive to medications, there is little known about their long-term effects, and they can cause numerous deleterious side effects. Research suggests that physical activity positively impacts some of the same neurobiological mechanisms that have been implicated in ADHD and may have a particularly beneficial effect for children with ADHD by moderating fundamental cognitive deficiencies and behavioral symptoms that characterize this disorder. One of the primary cognitive impairments in ADHD children is executive function (EF). Children with ADHD consistently perform worse on a range of EF tasks relative to those without ADHD (Wilcutt et al., 2005). There is extensive research to support that physical activity selectively improves EF performance in older adults (Colcombe & Kramer, 2003) and some evidence that it has a small effect on cognition in children (Sibley & Etnier, 2003; Tomporowski et al., 2008). Despite evidence and rationale supporting the potential for physical activity to benefit children with ADHD, there is very little research in this area. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which physical activity is associated with ADHD symptoms and EF task performance in children with ADHD. Eighteen boys (M age = 10.61, SD = 1.50), who had been diagnosed by a medical professional and were currently taking stimulant medication, were recruited from the community for participation in the study. Children came to the testing site to complete four measures of EF: planning (Tower of London); working memory (Digit Span); processing speed (Children's Colors Trails Test 1 and 2); and inhibition (Conner's Continuous Performance Test, CPT II). Parents completed rating scales (ADHD Rating Scale IV; Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition) to assess their child's ADHD symptoms. The most relevant outcome variables from each task and the rating scales were chosen for analysis. Physical activity was measured with an accelerometer (Yamax NL-1000) that participants wore for seven consecutive days providing daily step counts (steps) and minutes per day spent in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA). Regression analyses were used with physical activity as a predictor of EF performance and ADHD symptoms. Results revealed that MVPA was a significant predictor of performance on the Tower of London, adjusted R2 = .28, F (1, 16) = 7.61, p < .05. Additionally, although non-significant, correlations for 5 of the other 6 EF outcome measures with both measures of physical activity (steps and MVPA) were in the hypothesized direction, with higher physical activity predictive of better EF performance. There were no significant results for ADHD symptoms. This study provides promising results that physical activity is associated with EF, specifically planning abilities, in children with ADHD. These findings are especially encouraging given that the participants were all receiving medication treatment for ADHD. Given that EF deficits in ADHD children negatively affect their school experience and performance, further research is warranted to examine the impact of physical activity on EF in ADHD children

Mutation of the Traj18 gene segment using TALENs to generate Natural Killer T cell deficient mice.

Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in both promoting and suppressing a multitude of immune responses. In mice, iNKT cells express T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) comprising a unique TCRα rearrangement between the Trav11 and Traj18 gene segments. When paired with certain Trbv TCRβ chains, these TCRs recognize lipid antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, CD1d. Until recently, the sole model of iNKT deficiency targeted the Jα18, which is absolutely required to form the TCR with the appropriate antigenic specificity. However, these mice were demonstrated to have a large reduction in TCR repertoire diversity, which could confound results arising from studies using these mice. Here, we have created a new NKT-deficient mouse strain using transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology to only disrupt the expression of Jα18, leaving the remaining Jα repertoire unperturbed. We confirm that these mice lack iNKT cells and do not respond to lipid antigen stimulation while the development of conventional T cells, regulatory T cells, and type Ib NKT cells is normal. This new mouse strain will serve as a new model of iNKT cell deficiency to facilitate our understanding of iNKT biology