Ties between steppe and peninsula: Comparative perspective of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Мongolia and Кorea

This article describes the results of a comparative study of some monuments (settlement, dolmen, rock art) and some artifacts (pottery, arrowhead, dagger, bronze mirror, bead, whetstone) of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Mongolian steppe and Korean Peninsula. The comparative study sought to clarify the external and internal structures of the monuments, as well as the burial practices. In the case of artifacts, their materials and functions were considered

Measuring E-Commerce Adoption Behavior of Z-generation in A Developing Country, Evidence from Mongolia

To analyze e-commerce adoption behavior of Z generation in Mongolia. The effects of personal innovativeness, perceived usefulness, social influence and perceived risk on intention through the mediation role of attitude were specifically examined. In order to achieve the purpose of the research, a survey was conducted on consumers who experienced online shopping malls from October 21, 2020 to November 2, 2020. A total of 332 effective questionnaires were collected and the data were analyzed by using the SPSS and Smart PLS 3.3 programs. The current study reveals an individual’s perceptions of the usefulness of personal innovativeness and social influence, which were important factors towards the adoption of e-commerce. Individuals who have a higher degree of perceived risk have a higher preference to try products without a prior evaluation. Marketers who intend to expand into developing markets such as Mongolia are advised to consider consumer generation and attitudes towards adopting new technology. The study enhances our perception about young generation in Mongolia, whose behavior and action are similar to those young people, who live in a developed country. Keywords: Z-generation, Personal innovativeness, Perceived usefulness, Perceived Risk, Social influence, E-commerce adoption DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-8-16 Publication date: April 30th 202

Enclosing the Gold-Mining Commons of Mongolia: The Vanishing Ninja and the Development Project as Resource

Since its emergence in the mid-1990s, unauthorized small-scale gold mining—widely known as “ninja mining”—has grown to become a central element of Mongolia’s informal economy, engaging tens of thousands of people in seasonal, unregulated, and occasionally dangerous labor. In this paper we set out to show that the story of ninja mining is illustrative of the wider transformation of political economy that Mongolia has experienced, in which a de facto public resource was created in the wake of the collapsed state socialist economy, only to be progressively privatized and enclosed by increasingly powerful mining company interests. We examine the implementation of a development project aimed at providing sustainable livelihoods for those engaged in unauthorized mining. Drawing upon anthropological critiques of development, we explore the ways in which the project, while arguably succeeding in its own terms, failed to meet the expectations of the miners involved. Committed as it was to working within the new private property regime for land introduced by “neoliberal” reforms, the project constructed the ninja “problem” in terms of a lack of formalization and training. It was ultimately unable to address the fundamental issues of property relations and access to resources that lie at the heart of the ninja phenomenon

Consumer Shopping Lifestyle Analysis on Buying Decisions

This study aims to clarify how consumers lifestyle influences on their buying decisions. More specifically, we aimed to determine consumer’s preference of products is based on product, price and brand of the products and whether consumers’ demographic variables such as age, and gender, influence their decision. It is necessary to segment people based on their lifestyle and to develop marketing strategies that influence Mongolian consumers' decision-making process. Researchers spread out a thousand surveys to the participants and eight hundred eighty-eight questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 28 and Smart PLS 4.The findings indicate that consumers' shopping orientations have a significant impact on their buying behavior, and demographic variables such as age and gender strongly influence purchasing decisions. Specifically, male consumers prioritize product quality, while females are more price-conscious when making purchases. Keywords: consumer lifestyle, brand-oriented, price-oriented, quality-oriented, buying decision DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-8-01 Publication date: April 30th 2023

The Impact of Ingredient Brand Awareness on Host Brand Attitude: The Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus

Companies are attempting to increase their competitiveness using a number of strategies. The brand alliance strategy, which is one of the most commonly employed methods, has a favorable impact on the company's market share due to the strong recognition of a well-known brand in the early stage of market entrance. The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of ingredient brand awareness on the consumers’ evaluation of host brands. With the purpose of it, the study examined the changes of attitudes toward the host brands by ingredient’s brand awareness (high/low).We also tested the moderating roles of consumers’ regulatory focus (promotion/prevention focus) on the relationship between ingredient brand awareness and host brands attitude. The results of this study are summarized as follow. First, consumers tend to be more favorable toward host brand products when brand awareness was higher than lower. Second, the effect of consumers’ regulatory focus (promotion focus/prevention focus) was found to be positive and significant effect between ingredient brand awareness and host brand attitude. Based on the findings, the theoretical and managerial implication are discussed. Keywords:Ingredient Brand Awareness, Psychological Distance Cue, Consumer Regulatory Focus, Brand Attitude, South Korea. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-20-04 Publication date:October 31st 202

Determination of Target Reliability Index of Highway Bridges through Optimization of Benefit Value Function

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 건설환경공학부, 2022.2. 김호경.현재 국내에서는 신뢰도 기반 설계기준을 도입하여 사용하고 있지만, 도로교설계기준(한계상태설계법)에서 교량 구조물이 만족해야 하는 안전도를 보장하는 목표신뢰도지수가 과하게 크다는 연구가 제시되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 교량 구조물의 경제적인 효과를 반영한 최적의 신뢰도지수를 도출하기 위하여 교량 구조물에 대한 편익가치함수를 제안하여 중력방향지배 한계상태 대상으로 최적화를 수행하였다. 교량 구조물에 대한 편익가치함수에서는 교량 건설비용, 교량을 공용하면서 얻는 편익가치, 유지관리비용, 붕괴 시 발생되는 사고비용 그리고 설계수명 동안 안전 시 남는 구조물의 잔존가치를 반영하여 편익가치함수를 제안하였다. 그리고 실제 사업성 지표인 편익비용비(Benefit-Cost Ratio)를 도입하고, 각 가치와 비용들에 대한 논리적인 관계를 이용하여 편익가치함수를 표준화시켜 하나의 일반화된 해석이 가능하도록 하였다. 또한, 신뢰도지수와 건설비용간의 관계를 물리적인 의미에 부합하도록 요구저항강도로 유도하였고, 설계수명 시점에서의 구조물의 잔존가치를 완전경쟁시장을 가정하여 유도하였다. 대상 부재는 철근콘크리트, 강, 프리스트레스트 콘크리트를 고려하였으며, 하중효과로는 휨모멘트와 전단을 고려하였다. 최종적으로 각 부재와 하중효과에 대한 종합적인 평균 편익가치함수를 만들어 최적화함으로써 고정하중 한계상태 (LS-1)와 활하중 한계상태 (LS-2)에 대한 최적의 목표신뢰도지수를 도출하였다.Reliability-based bridge design code has been introduced to Korea and is currently in use, but the target reliability index of the Korean Highway Bridge Design Codes (Limit State Design) for guaranteeing the safety of the bridge structures is too high, according to the recent study. Therefore, in an effort to derive a new optimal reliability index that adequately considers the economic effect of a bridge structure, a benefit-value function for a bridge structure with an optimization performed on gravitational load-governed limit state is proposed. The proposed benefit-value function of a bridge structure reflects the total cost of the bridge construction, benefit value obtained by the use of the structure, maintenance cost, damage cost in case of collapse, and the residual value of the structure remaining if it exceeds its design lifetime. In addition, we adopted a benefit-cost ratio, which is an indicator of actual business feasibility. And by normalizing the benefit-value function using the logical relationship between the costs and the benefit values, a generalized optimization was made possible. The relationship between the reliability index and the construction cost was derived from the required resistance strength based on physical quantity, and the residual value of the structure at the end of design lifetime was calculated under the assumption of perfect competitive market. The load effect on bending moment and shear for reinforced concrete (RC), steel (ST), and prestressed concrete (PC) members were collectively optimized. Finally, the optimal target reliability indices for the dead load-governed limit state (LS-1) and live load-governed limit state (LS-2) were derived by calculating for each member and load effect, optimizing the collective average benefit-value function for each member and load effect.제 1 장 서론 1 1.1 연구배경 및 목적 1 1.2 연구 연혁 8 1.3 연구 내용 및 범위 10 제 2 장 신뢰도기반 설계법 12 2.1 확률 기본 이론 12 2.2 신뢰도 기본 이론 18 2.3 신뢰도기반 설계기준 22 2.4 목표신뢰도지수 32 제 3 장 효용 및 최적의 목표신뢰도지수 37 3.1 효용 및 기대효용 37 3.2 편익가치 효용함수 40 3.3 주어진 신뢰도지수에 따른 교량수명 확률밀도함수 45 3.4 편익가치함수에서의 각 기대편익가치 49 3.5 편익가치함수에서의 순편익가치 56 제 4 장 신뢰도지수에 따른 건설비용 59 4.1 건설비용 가정 59 4.2 신뢰도지수에 따른 표준화된 요구저항강도 63 4.3 표준화된 요구저항강도와 신뢰도지수간의 관계 69 4.4 건설비용과 신뢰도지수간의 관계 검토 73 제 5 장 교량구조물의 잔존가치 77 5.1 구조물의 잔존가치 가정 77 5.2 생존분석 81 5.3 Kaplan-Meier 분석 82 5.4 교량 공용수명 추출 84 5.5 교량구조물의 잔존수명 87 제 6 장 편익가치함수 최적화 93 6.1 사고비용 93 6.2 편익가치함수 표준화 97 6.3 편익비용비 을 도입한 편익가치함수 99 6.4 사고비용에 대한 평균 편익가치함수 102 6.5 각 부재와 하중효과에 대한 평균 편익가치함수 109 6.6 LS-1와 LS-2에 대한 최적의 신뢰도지수 114 제 7 장 결론 122 참고문헌 127 부록 A. 교량 붕괴 사례 조사 131 Abstract 133박

Beyond Continuum Solvent Models in Computational Homogeneous Catalysis

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICIn homogeneous catalysis solvent is an inherent part of the catalytic system. As such, it must be considered in the computational modeling. The most common approach to include solvent effects in quantum mechanical calculations is by means of continuum solvent models. When they are properly used, average solvent effects are efficiently captured, mainly those related with solvent polarity. However, neglecting atomistic description of solvent molecules has its limitations, and continuum solvent models all alone cannot be applied to whatever situation. In many cases, inclusion of explicit solvent molecules in the quantum mechanical description of the system is mandatory. The purpose of this article is to highlight through selected examples what are the reasons that urge to go beyond the continuum models to the employment of micro-solvated (cluster-continuum) of fully explicit solvent models, in this way setting the limits of continuum solvent models in computational homogeneous catalysis. These examples showcase that inclusion of solvent molecules in the calculation not only can improve the description of already known mechanisms but can yield new mechanistic views of a reaction. With the aim of systematizing the use of explicit solvent models, after discussing the success and limitations of continuum solvent models, issues related with solvent coordination and solvent dynamics, solvent effects in reactions involving small, charged species, as well as reactions in protic solvents and the role of solvent as reagent itself are successively considered

Origin of the Rate Acceleration in the C−C Reductive Elimination from Pt(IV)-complex in a [Ga4L6]12− Supramolecular Metallocage

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICThe reductive elimination on [(MeP)Pt(MeOH)(CH)], 2P, complex performed in MeOH solution and inside a [GaL] metallocage are computationally analysed by mean of QM and MD simulations and compared with the mechanism of gold parent systems previously reported [EtPAu(MeOH)(CH)], 2Au. The comparative analysis between the encapsulated Au(III) and Pt(IV)-counterparts shows that there are no additional solvent MeOH molecules inside the cavity of the metallocage for both systems. The Gibbs energy barriers for the 2P reductive elimination calculated at DFT level are in good agreement with the experimental values for both environments. The effect of microsolvation and encapsulation on the rate acceleration are evaluated and shows that the latter is far more relevant, conversely to 2Au. Energy decomposition analysis indicates that the encapsulation is the main responsible for most of the energy barrier reduction. Microsolvation and encapsulation effects are not equally contributing for both metal systems and consequently, the reasons of the rate acceleration are not the same for both metallic systems despite the similarity between them

Kikuchi Fujimoto Disease: The First Reported Case in Mongolia

Objectives: Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease (KFD) is a rare, benign condition of necrotising histiocytic lymphadenitis, typically presenting in young women. This report is on the first diagnosed case of KFD in Mongolia. Methods: The patient was a 24-year-old female, who presented with fever, night sweats, rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Based on clinical features, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry findings, the diagnosis of KFD was confirmed. Results: Full recovery was achieved using symptomatic treatment. Conclusion: To minimize diagnostic confusion and potentially harmful and unnecessary treatments, we emphasize that clinicians should be aware of this condition