Interplanetary trajectory optimization with swing-bys using evolutionary multi-objective optimization

Interplanetary trajectory optimization studies mostly considered a single objective of minimizing travel time between two planets or launch velocity of spacecraft at the departure planet or maximizing delivered payload at the destination planet. Despite a few studies, in this paper, we have considered a simultaneous minimization study of both launch velocity and time of travel between two specified planets with and without the use of gravitational advantage (swing-by) of some intermediate planets. Using careful consideration of a Lambert's approach with the Newton-Raphson based root finding procedure of developing a trajectory dictated by a set of variables, a number of derived parameters, such as time of flight between arrival and destination planet, date of arrival, and launch velocity, are computed. A commonly-used evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm (NSGA-II) is then employed to find a set of trade-off solutions. The accuracy of the developed software (we called GOSpel) is demonstrated by matching the trajectories with known missions

PHP Desk

We use web browser to download HTML, CSS and JS code and execute it. This HTML/CSS/JS code is an output produced by server after processing PHP or JSP pages. So this implies that actual process is completed by server. This is the only disadvantage with this kind of system. We can avoid this problem, if we use our new proposed system called PHP Desk. PHP Desk system does not bring any t ime overhead to load pages as it completes all processes on client side only. In other words it will make application work fas t enough to look like they are real - time projects or desktop applications. As we have said that PHP Desk makes a web script look like it is executing as desktop application. It means a web developer c an become desktop developer. He/she does not need to le arn any special programming language or any technology to develop desktop applications. With their current knowledge they can build good quality desktop applications using PHP Desk system. PHP Desk helps to use Graphic s of Web Standards for desktop applica tions with the same ease of their use in Web Applications. PHP Desk is also useful to utilize CMS technologies for rapid development of new applications. PHP Desk system has to deal with many issues like encryption and decryption to provide security to dat a and code. This code is actually a PHP code which carries critical business logic and data storage information or database connections. This code is not to be d isclosed to clients and other developers. But if we deploy the project to client then the code will be accessible to client. To avoid this we have developed concepts like HK, ECF, SCG, and SCD. We encrypt PHP code using DES algorithm for security purpose. A key of 56 bits is used for encryption which is then processed by SHA algorithm to generate HK (Hashed Key) to be included as Digital Certificate. Code after encryption is called as ECF (Encrypted Code Format) which is generated by SCG (Secure Code Generator).SCG is developers tool. Developer will utilize it to provide security to t he code. SCD is supportive tool to client side Apache, which is responsible for decryption of Apaches decrypted code and it also communicate s with apache server. U sing the above proposed techniques we can overcome the security issues associated earlier

Common Variants of Homocysteine Metabolism Pathway Genes and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Traits in Indians

Hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disorder, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, is prevalent among Indians who are at high risk of these metabolic disorders. We evaluated association of common variants of genes involved in homocysteine metabolism or its levels with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related traits in North Indians. We genotyped 90 variants in initial phase (2.115 subjects) and replicated top signals in an independent sample set (2.085 subjects). The variant MTHFR-rs1801133 was the top signal for association with type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.78 (95%  CI = 0.67–0.92), P = 0.003) and was also associated with 2 h postload plasma glucose (P = 0.04), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.004), and total cholesterol (P = 0.01) in control subjects. These associations were neither replicated nor significant after meta-analysis. Studies involving a larger study population and different ethnic groups are required before ruling out the role of these important candidate genes in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and related traits

Common variants of FTO are associated with childhood obesity in a cross-sectional study of 3,126 urban Indian children

Background: FTO variants are robustly associated with obesity and related traits in many population and shown to have variable impact during life course. Although studies have shown association of FTO variants with adiposity in adult Indian, its association in Indian children is yet to be confirmed. Methods: Here we examined association of FTO variants (rs9939609 and rs8050136) with obesity and related anthropometric and biochemical traits in 3,126 Indian children (aged 11–17 years) including 2,230 normal-weight and 896 over-weight/obese children. We also compared effects observed in the present study with that observed in previous studies on South Asian adults and children of other ethnic groups. Results: The variant rs9939609 showed significant association with risk of obesity [OR = 1.21, P = 2.5×10−3] and its measures BMI, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference [β range = 0.11 to 0.14 Z-score units; P range = 1.3×10−4 to 1.6×10−7] in children. The observed effect sizes in Indian children were similar to those reported for European children. Variant rs9939609 explained 0.88% of BMI variance in Indian children. The effect sizes of rs9939609 on BMI and WC were ∼2 fold higher in children than adults. Interestingly rs9939609 was also associated with serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) [β = 0.10 Z-score, P = 5.8×10−3]. The other variant rs8050136 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs9939609 (r2 = 0.97) and provided similar association results. Conclusion: The study provides first report of association of FTO variants with obesity and related anthropometric traits in Indian children with higher impact in children compared to adults. We also demonstrated association of FTO variant with serum levels of TSH, indicating putative influence of FTO in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

Experimental Study of CO2 Gasification of Biomethanation Waste

Gasification is one of prominent thermochemical processes generally used to convert organic feedstock to combustible syngas (CO and H2). An experimental study of biomass gasification using carbon dioxide as an gasifying medium was carried out in a fixed bed gasifier. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the output syngas. The present study reported the results for producing syngas with CO2 as gasification agent and biomass (rice husk and bio-methanation waste) as raw material. The gasification was performed at 700-900°C respectively and CO2 flow rate was maintained at 0.5 lpm. Maximum syngas production found at high temperature (900°C). The syngas analysis showed higher hydrogen yield at higher temperatures

High-throughput spatial sensitive quantitative phase microscopy using low spatial and high temporal coherent illumination

High space-bandwidth product with high spatial phase sensitivity is indispensable for a single-shot quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) system. It opens avenue for widespread applications of QPM in the field of biomedical imaging. Temporally low coherence light sources are implemented to achieve high spatial phase sensitivity in QPM at the cost of either reduced temporal resolution or smaller field of view (FOV). In addition, such light sources have low photon degeneracy. On the contrary, high temporal coherence light sources like lasers are capable of exploiting the full FOV of the QPM systems at the expense of less spatial phase sensitivity. In the present work, we demonstrated that use of narrowband partially spatially coherent light source also called pseudo-thermal light source (PTLS) in QPM overcomes the limitations of conventional light sources. The performance of PTLS is compared with conventional light sources in terms of space bandwidth product, phase sensitivity and optical imaging quality. The capabilities of PTLS are demonstrated on both amplitude (USAF resolution chart) and phase (thin optical waveguide, height ~ 8 nm) objects. The spatial phase sensitivity of QPM using PTLS is measured to be equivalent to that for white light source and supports the FOV (18 times more) equivalent to that of laser light source. The high-speed capabilities of PTLS based QPM is demonstrated by imaging live sperm cells that is limited by the camera speed and large FOV is demonstrated by imaging histopathology human placenta tissue samples. Minimal invasive, high-throughput, spatially sensitive and single-shot QPM based on PTLS will enable wider penetration of QPM in life sciences and clinical applications

ConceptFusion: Open-set Multimodal 3D Mapping

Building 3D maps of the environment is central to robot navigation, planning, and interaction with objects in a scene. Most existing approaches that integrate semantic concepts with 3D maps largely remain confined to the closed-set setting: they can only reason about a finite set of concepts, pre-defined at training time. Further, these maps can only be queried using class labels, or in recent work, using text prompts. We address both these issues with ConceptFusion, a scene representation that is (1) fundamentally open-set, enabling reasoning beyond a closed set of concepts and (ii) inherently multimodal, enabling a diverse range of possible queries to the 3D map, from language, to images, to audio, to 3D geometry, all working in concert. ConceptFusion leverages the open-set capabilities of today's foundation models pre-trained on internet-scale data to reason about concepts across modalities such as natural language, images, and audio. We demonstrate that pixel-aligned open-set features can be fused into 3D maps via traditional SLAM and multi-view fusion approaches. This enables effective zero-shot spatial reasoning, not needing any additional training or finetuning, and retains long-tailed concepts better than supervised approaches, outperforming them by more than 40% margin on 3D IoU. We extensively evaluate ConceptFusion on a number of real-world datasets, simulated home environments, a real-world tabletop manipulation task, and an autonomous driving platform. We showcase new avenues for blending foundation models with 3D open-set multimodal mapping. For more information, visit our project page https://concept-fusion.github.io or watch our 5-minute explainer video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkXgws8fiD