Potencial de deriva da mistura de 2,4-D com glyphosate

The application of the mixture of glyphosate with 2,4-d took on great importance with high adoption of no-tillage system in the early 90s, and with the constant reports of weed biotypes resistant to glyphosate. However, studies on the drift of this mixture are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential drift of these herbicides, with or without the adjuvant, applied in wind tunnel. The experimental design was completely randomized considered, arranged in a factorial design 5 x 3, with four replications, and five tails and three collection distances (5, 10 and 15 meters). The spray tested were: glyphosate, 2,4-D, 2,4-D+glyphosate, glyphosate+2,4-D+adjuvant, and a control in which water was applied. The collection points were installed at 5, 10 and 15 meters and in this points each 20 cm of height in relation of tunnel ground until 1,0 m of height. The application of the products took place in a wind tunnel with 20 m length and cross-sectional 4 m2 with speed wind of 2.0 m s-1,. The mean values obtained in the samples were subjected to analysis of variance, and their means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. It was observed that herbicide application associated produces more drift than when applied alone mainly to 5 and 10 meters of distance to sprayer boom. The drift of each herbicide applied alone did not differ. When added to the adjuvant mixture glyphosate plus 2,4-D, there was a 23% reduction in drift at 5 m and 6 m to 10%.A aplicação da mistura dos herbicidas glyphosate com 2,4-D passou a ter grande importância com a adoção do sistema de semeadura direta, no início dos anos 90, e com os constantes relatos de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate. No entanto, estudos referentes à deriva desta mistura ainda são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de deriva dos herbicidas glyphosate e 2,4-D, associados ou não a adjuvante, pulverizados em túnel de vento. O delineamento experimental considerado foi inteiramente ao acaso, arranjados em um esquema fatorial 5 x 3, com quatro repetições, sendo cinco caldas e três distâncias de coleta (5, 10 e 15 metros). As caldas testadas foram: glyphosate, 2,4-D, 2,4-D+glyphosate e 2,4-D+glyphosate+adjuvante, além de uma testemunha na qual foi pulverizada água. A aplicação dos produtos ocorreu em um túnel com 20 m de comprimento e secção transversal de 4 m2, com velocidade do vento de 2,0 m.s-1. Os pontos de coleta foram instalados a 5, 10 e 15 m de distância da barra de pulverização e nestes pontos a cada 20 cm de altura em relação ao piso do túnel até 1,0 m de altura.  Os valores médios obtidos nas coletas foram submetidos à análise de variância, e suas médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se que a aplicação dos herbicidas associados produz mais deriva do que quando aplicados de forma isolada, principalmente a 5 e a 10 metros de distância da barra de pulverização. A deriva de cada herbicida aplicado isoladamente não apresentou diferenças estatísticas. Quando se adicionou adjuvante a calda associada houve uma redução de 23% na deriva a 5 m e 6% a 10 m

A randomised controlled cross-over double-blind pilot study protocol on THC:CBD oromucosal spray efficacy as an add-on therapy for post-stroke spasticity

Stroke is the most disabling neurological disorder and often causes spasticity. Transmucosal cannabinoids (tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (THC:CBD), Sativex) is currently available to treat spasticity-associated symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis. Cannabinoids are being considered useful also in the treatment of pain, nausea and epilepsy, but may bear and increased risk for cardiovascular events. Spasticity is often assessed with subjective and clinical rating scales, which are unable to measure the increased excitability of the monosynaptic reflex, considered the hallmark of spasticity. The neurophysiological assessment of the stretch reflex provides a precise and objective method to measure spasticity. We propose a novel study to understand if Sativex could be useful in reducing spasticity in stroke survivors and investigating tolerability and safety by accurate cardiovascular monitoring

Identificação e controle de biótipos resistentes de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde ao glyphosate

Some invasive species has shown potential to develop resistance to glyphosate herbicide in no-till areas. Herbicides inhibitors of ACCase enzyme may be an alternative control to Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde. The objectives of this study were to identify the occurrence of resistance in D. insularis (L.) Fedde to glyphosate in tillage areas of the State of Paraná, and find the appropriate clethodim doses for its control. Were conducted two experiments in a greenhouse in Bandeirantes-PR, where the first was the experiment conducted with the glyphosate herbicide and the second with clethodim herbicide. Seeds of D. insularis (L.) Fedde plants were collected from five different places, and dose response curves were obtained for resistance verification. The tested doses were equivalent to 0; 0.5; 1; 2; 3 and 4 times the recommended dose of herbicide. The plants had 15 to 20 cm high when the herbicides were sprayed. The results showed that D. insularis (L.) Fedde biotypes from Paraná cities are resistant to glyphosate herbicide. Furthermore, it was found differentiated tolerance to the clethodim herbicide in the biotypes.Em áreas de plantio direto, algumas espécies invasoras têm apresentado potencial para desenvolver resistência ao herbicida glyphosate. Herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase podem constituir uma alternativa de controle de biótipos de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde resistentes ao glyphosate. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar a ocorrência de resistência em biótipos de D. insularis (L.) Fedde ao glyphosate em áreas de plantio direto de municípios do Estado do Paraná e encontrar as doses de clethodim adequadas para seu controle. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação no município de Bandeirantes-PR, sendo o primeiro com o herbicida glyphosate e o segundo, com o herbicida clethodim. Sementes de plantas de D. insularis (L.) Fedde foram coletadas em cinco locais diferentes e curvas de dose-resposta foram obtidas para a verificação da resistência. As doses testadas foram equivalentes a 0; 0,5; 1; 2; 3 e 4 vezes as doses recomendadas dos herbicidas. No momento da aplicação, as plantas apresentavam de 15 a 20 cm de altura. Os resultados mostraram que os biótipos de D. insularis (L.) Fedde oriundos das cidades do Paraná são resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate. Além disso, verificou-se tolerância diferenciada de tais biótipos ao herbicida clethodim

Espalhamento e evaporação de produtos fitossanitários em tomateiro / Wetting and evaporation of pesticide on tomato leaves

A condição meteorológica no momento da aplicação e o tipo de produtos fitossanitários são determinantes nos processos físicos de evaporação e molhamento foliar do tomateiro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes soluções de produtos fitossanitários no espalhamento e tempo de evaporação de gotas após a sua deposição em folhas de tomateiro em duas combinações de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Gotas de 1000 µm de diâmetro foram depositadas na superfície adaxial de folhas de tomateiro em duas condições meteorológicas (31,5°C e 35%UR e 25°C e 75%UR). As soluções utilizadas foram: fungicida (CabrioTop®), inseticidas (Nomolt®150 e Pirate®) e a mistura do fungicida e inseticidas com os adubos foliares, BoroSuper®, CalSuper® e FoliFósforo®. Imagens sequenciais foram capturadas para quantificar a área de espalhamento e o tempo de evaporação das gotas. Os resultados indicam que a área de molhamento sofre influência do tipo de calda utilizada e que a mistura de produtos, comumente feita por produtores de tomate, proporciona uma melhora significativa do espalhamento. O aumento da temperatura e a redução da umidade relativa do ar, condições meteorológicas frequentes dentro de estufas de produção, aumentam a área de molhamento e reduz o tempo de evaporação de gotas

Qualidade da aplicação na cultura da soja em sistema integração lavoura-floresta e monocultura / Quality of the application in soybean in crop-forest integration system and monoculture

Uma importante característica dos sistemas de integração lavoura-floresta (ILF) é a criação de um microclima na área em que ele é implantado, possibilitando a pulverização em condições mais amenas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da aplicação na cultura da soja, com diferentes tecnologias e horários de pulverização, em sistema de integração lavoura-floresta e em monocultura. O trabalho foi composto por dois campos experimentais: o primeiro instalado no sistema de integração lavoura-floresta e o segundo em sistema de monocultura de soja, com 6 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo 3 classes de gotas e 2 períodos de pulverização. Foram avaliadas a cobertura e depósito da pulverização nos estratos superior, médio e inferior da soja. A pulverização na cultura da soja no período vespertino aumentou o percentual de cobertura e depósito. A deposição da calda nos estratos da cultura não diferiu significativamente entre os sistemas quando a aplicação aconteceu no período matutino. Entretanto, quando a pulverização foi realizada no período vespertino, os valores médios de depósito foram maiores no sistema de monocultura. O estabelecimento do sistema de integração lavoura-floresta proporcionou redução da temperatura ambiente, no entanto, não foi suficiente para gerar melhorias na qualidade da aplicação

Beta-Blocker Use in Older Hospitalized Patients Affected by Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: An Italian Survey From the REPOSI Register

Beta (β)-blockers (BB) are useful in reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nevertheless, the use of BBs could induce bronchoconstriction due to β2-blockade. For this reason, both the ESC and GOLD guidelines strongly suggest the use of selective β1-BB in patients with HF and COPD. However, low adherence to guidelines was observed in multiple clinical settings. The aim of the study was to investigate the BBs use in older patients affected by HF and COPD, recorded in the REPOSI register. Of 942 patients affected by HF, 47.1% were treated with BBs. The use of BBs was significantly lower in patients with HF and COPD than in patients affected by HF alone, both at admission and at discharge (admission, 36.9% vs. 51.3%; discharge, 38.0% vs. 51.7%). In addition, no further BB users were found at discharge. The probability to being treated with a BB was significantly lower in patients with HF also affected by COPD (adj. OR, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.37-0.67), while the diagnosis of COPD was not associated with the choice of selective β1-BB (adj. OR, 95% CI: 1.33, 0.76-2.34). Despite clear recommendations by clinical guidelines, a significant underuse of BBs was also observed after hospital discharge. In COPD affected patients, physicians unreasonably reject BBs use, rather than choosing a β1-BB. The expected improvement of the BB prescriptions after hospitalization was not observed. A multidisciplinary approach among hospital physicians, general practitioners, and pharmacologists should be carried out for better drug management and adherence to guideline recommendations

Antidiabetic Drug Prescription Pattern in Hospitalized Older Patients with Diabetes

Objective: To describe the prescription pattern of antidiabetic and cardiovascular drugs in a cohort of hospitalized older patients with diabetes. Methods: Patients with diabetes aged 65 years or older hospitalized in internal medicine and/or geriatric wards throughout Italy and enrolled in the REPOSI (REgistro POliterapuie SIMI—Società Italiana di Medicina Interna) registry from 2010 to 2019 and discharged alive were included. Results: Among 1703 patients with diabetes, 1433 (84.2%) were on treatment with at least one antidiabetic drug at hospital admission, mainly prescribed as monotherapy with insulin (28.3%) or metformin (19.2%). The proportion of treated patients decreased at discharge (N = 1309, 76.9%), with a significant reduction over time. Among those prescribed, the proportion of those with insulin alone increased over time (p = 0.0066), while the proportion of those prescribed sulfonylureas decreased (p < 0.0001). Among patients receiving antidiabetic therapy at discharge, 1063 (81.2%) were also prescribed cardiovascular drugs, mainly with an antihypertensive drug alone or in combination (N = 777, 73.1%). Conclusion: The management of older patients with diabetes in a hospital setting is often sub-optimal, as shown by the increasing trend in insulin at discharge, even if an overall improvement has been highlighted by the prevalent decrease in sulfonylureas prescription

The “Diabetes Comorbidome”: A Different Way for Health Professionals to Approach the Comorbidity Burden of Diabetes

(1) Background: The disease burden related to diabetes is increasing greatly, particularly in older subjects. A more comprehensive approach towards the assessment and management of diabetes’ comorbidities is necessary. The aim of this study was to implement our previous data identifying and representing the prevalence of the comorbidities, their association with mortality, and the strength of their relationship in hospitalized elderly patients with diabetes, developing, at the same time, a new graphic representation model of the comorbidome called “Diabetes Comorbidome”. (2) Methods: Data were collected from the RePoSi register. Comorbidities, socio-demographic data, severity and comorbidity indexes (Cumulative Illness rating Scale CIRS-SI and CIRS-CI), and functional status (Barthel Index), were recorded. Mortality rates were assessed in hospital and 3 and 12 months after discharge. (3) Results: Of the 4714 hospitalized elderly patients, 1378 had diabetes. The comorbidities distribution showed that arterial hypertension (57.1%), ischemic heart disease (31.4%), chronic renal failure (28.8%), atrial fibrillation (25.6%), and COPD (22.7%), were the more frequent in subjects with diabetes. The graphic comorbidome showed that the strongest predictors of death at in hospital and at the 3-month follow-up were dementia and cancer. At the 1-year follow-up, cancer was the first comorbidity independently associated with mortality. (4) Conclusions: The “Diabetes Comorbidome” represents the perfect instrument for determining the prevalence of comorbidities and the strength of their relationship with risk of death, as well as the need for an effective treatment for improving clinical outcomes

Clinical features and outcomes of elderly hospitalised patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure or both

Background and objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF) mutually increase the risk of being present in the same patient, especially if older. Whether or not this coexistence may be associated with a worse prognosis is debated. Therefore, employing data derived from the REPOSI register, we evaluated the clinical features and outcomes in a population of elderly patients admitted to internal medicine wards and having COPD, HF or COPD + HF. Methods: We measured socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics, severity and prevalence of comorbidities, clinical and laboratory features during hospitalization, mood disorders, functional independence, drug prescriptions and discharge destination. The primary study outcome was the risk of death. Results: We considered 2,343 elderly hospitalized patients (median age 81 years), of whom 1,154 (49%) had COPD, 813 (35%) HF, and 376 (16%) COPD + HF. Patients with COPD + HF had different characteristics than those with COPD or HF, such as a higher prevalence of previous hospitalizations, comorbidities (especially chronic kidney disease), higher respiratory rate at admission and number of prescribed drugs. Patients with COPD + HF (hazard ratio HR 1.74, 95% confidence intervals CI 1.16-2.61) and patients with dementia (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.06-2.90) had a higher risk of death at one year. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed a higher mortality risk in the group of patients with COPD + HF for all causes (p = 0.010), respiratory causes (p = 0.006), cardiovascular causes (p = 0.046) and respiratory plus cardiovascular causes (p = 0.009). Conclusion: In this real-life cohort of hospitalized elderly patients, the coexistence of COPD and HF significantly worsened prognosis at one year. This finding may help to better define the care needs of this population

Prescription appropriateness of anti-diabetes drugs in elderly patients hospitalized in a clinical setting: evidence from the REPOSI Register

Diabetes is an increasing global health burden with the highest prevalence (24.0%) observed in elderly people. Older diabetic adults have a greater risk of hospitalization and several geriatric syndromes than older nondiabetic adults. For these conditions, special care is required in prescribing therapies including anti- diabetes drugs. Aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness and the adherence to safety recommendations in the prescriptions of glucose-lowering drugs in hospitalized elderly patients with diabetes. Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the REgistro POliterapie-Società Italiana Medicina Interna (REPOSI) that collected clinical information on patients aged ≥ 65 years acutely admitted to Italian internal medicine and geriatric non-intensive care units (ICU) from 2010 up to 2019. Prescription appropriateness was assessed according to the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria and anti-diabetes drug data sheets.Among 5349 patients, 1624 (30.3%) had diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. At admission, 37.7% of diabetic patients received treatment with metformin, 37.3% insulin therapy, 16.4% sulfonylureas, and 11.4% glinides. Surprisingly, only 3.1% of diabetic patients were treated with new classes of anti- diabetes drugs. According to prescription criteria, at admission 15.4% of patients treated with metformin and 2.6% with sulfonylureas received inappropriately these treatments. At discharge, the inappropriateness of metformin therapy decreased (10.2%, P < 0.0001). According to Beers criteria, the inappropriate prescriptions of sulfonylureas raised to 29% both at admission and at discharge. This study shows a poor adherence to current guidelines on diabetes management in hospitalized elderly people with a high prevalence of inappropriate use of sulfonylureas according to the Beers criteria