Charged Higgs boson contribution to νˉe−e\bar{\nu}_e-e scattering from low to ultrahigh energy in Higgs triplet model

We study the $\bar{\nu}_e-e$ scattering from low to ultrahigh energy in the framework of Higgs Triplet Model (HTM). We add the contribution of charged Higgs boson exchange to the total cross section of the scattering. We obtain the upper bound $h_{ee}/M_{H^\pm}\lesssim2.8\times10^{-3}GeV^{-1}$ in this process from low energy experiment. We show that by using the upper bound obtained, the charged Higgs contribution can give enhancements to the total cross section with respect to the SM prediction up to 5.16% at $E\leq10^{14}$ eV and maximum at $s\approx M_{H^\pm}^2$ and would help to determine the feasibility experiments to discriminate between SM and HTM at current available facilities.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

Discovery of a radio transient in M81

We report the discovery of a radio transient in the spiral galaxy M81. The transient was detected in early 2015 as part of a two-year survey of M81 made up of 12 epochs using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. While undetected on 2014 September 12, the source was first detected on 2015 January 2, from which point it remained visible at an approximately constant luminosity of LR, ν = 1.5 ± 0.1 × 1024 erg s−1 Hz−1 at the observing frequency of 6 GHz for at least 2 months. Assuming this is a synchrotron event with a rise-time between 2.6 and 112 d, the peak luminosity (at equipartition) corresponds to a minimum energy of 1044 ≾ Emin ≾ 1046 erg and jet power of Pmin ∼ 1039 erg s−1, which are higher than most known X-ray binaries. Given its longevity, lack of short-term radio variability, and the absence of any multiwavelength counterpart (X-ray luminosity Lx ≾ 1036 erg s−1), it does not behave like known Galactic or extragalactic X-ray binaries. The M81 transient radio properties more closely resemble the unidentified radio transient 43.78+59.3 discovered in M82, which has been suggested to be a radio nebula associated with an accreting source similar to SS 433. One possibility is that both the new M81 transient and the M82 transient may be the birth of a short-lived radio bubble associated with a discrete accretion event similar to those observed from the ULX Holmberg II X-1. However, it is not possible to rule out other identifications including long-term supernova shockwave interactions with the surrounding medium from a faint supernova or a background active galaxy

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Discovery of a radio transient in M81

We report the discovery of a radio transient in the spiral galaxy M81. The transient was detected in early 2015 as part of a two year survey of M81 made up of 12 epochs using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. While undetected on 2014 September 12, the source was first detected on 2015 January 2, from which point it remained visible at an approximately constant luminosity of LR,ν = 1.5 ± 0.1 × 1024 erg s−1 Hz−1 at the observing frequency of 6 GHz for at least 2 months. Assuming this is a synchrotron event with a rise-time between 2.6 and 112 days, the peak luminosity (at equipartition) corresponds to a minimum energy of 1044 . Emin . 1046 erg and jet power of Pmin ∼ 1039 erg s−1 , which are higher than most known X-ray binaries. Given its longevity, lack of short-term radio variability, and the absence of any multi-wavelength counterpart (X-ray luminosity Lx . 1036 erg s−1 ), it does not behave like known Galactic or extragalactic X-ray binaries. The M81 transient radio properties more closely resemble the unidentified radio transient 43.78+59.3 discovered in M82, which has been suggested to be a radio nebula associated with an accreting source similar to SS 433. One possibility is that both the new M81 transient and the M82 transient may be the birth of a short-lived radio bubble associated with a discrete accretion event similar to those observed from the ULX Holmberg II X-1. However, it is not possible to rule out other identifications including long-term supernova shockwave interactions with the surrounding medium from a faint supernova or a background active galaxy

Does the labour market explain lower female schooling in India?

Labour market discrimination against women and parental discrimination against daughters are two of the most commonly cited explanations of the gender gap in education in developing countries. This study empirically tests the labour market explanation for India using recent household survey data. The results reveal substantial omitted family background bias in the estimates of rates of return to education. The findings suggest that, as well as overall labour market discrimination, girls face poorer economic incentives to invest in schooling than boys because they reap lower labour market returns to education than boys.

A long hard-X-ray look at the dual active galactic nuclei of M51 with NuSTAR

We present a broadband X-ray spectral analysis of the M51 system, including the dual active galactic nuclei (AGN) and several off-nuclear point sources. Using a deep observation by NuSTAR, new high-resolution coverage of M51b by Chandra, and the latest X-ray torus models, we measure the intrinsic X-ray luminosities of the AGN in these galaxies. The AGN of M51a is found to be Compton thick, and both AGN have very low accretion rates (λEdd1039 erg s−1 and find that a spectral turnover is present below 10 keV in most such sources, in line with recent results on ultraluminous X-ray sources

Immunodeficiency at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle-, and high-income countries

OBJECTIVE: To describe the CD4 cell count at the start of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in low-income (LIC), lower middle-income (LMIC), upper middle-income (UMIC), and high-income (HIC) countries. METHODS: Patients aged 16 years or older starting cART in a clinic participating in a multicohort collaboration spanning 6 continents (International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS and ART Cohort Collaboration) were eligible. Multilevel linear regression models were adjusted for age, gender, and calendar year; missing CD4 counts were imputed. RESULTS: In total, 379,865 patients from 9 LIC, 4 LMIC, 4 UMIC, and 6 HIC were included. In LIC, the median CD4 cell count at cART initiation increased by 83% from 80 to 145 cells/\u3bcL between 2002 and 2009. Corresponding increases in LMIC, UMIC, and HIC were from 87 to 155 cells/\u3bcL (76% increase), 88 to 135 cells/\u3bcL (53%), and 209 to 274 cells/\u3bcL (31%). In 2009, compared with LIC, median counts were 13 cells/\u3bcL [95% confidence interval (CI): -56 to +30] lower in LMIC, 22 cells/\u3bcL (-62 to +18) lower in UMIC, and 112 cells/\u3bcL (+75 to +149) higher in HIC. They were 23 cells/\u3bcL (95% CI: +18 to +28 cells/\u3bcL) higher in women than men. Median counts were 88 cells/\u3bcL (95% CI: +35 to +141 cells/\u3bcL) higher in countries with an estimated national cART coverage >80%, compared with countries with <40% coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Median CD4 cell counts at the start of cART increased 2000-2009 but remained below 200 cells/\u3bcL in LIC and MIC and below 300 cells/\u3bcL in HIC. Earlier start of cART will require substantial efforts and resources globally