25 research outputs found
Analysis of air and airborne particles movements in a hospital operating theater
In this study a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to develop a validated model of a hospital operating theater. The model was employed to perform simulation to predict the distribution of airflow and movement of the airborne particles inside the operating theater at a steady-state condition. The airborne particles were modeled as discrete particles which were released from the exposed body surface of the surgical staffs at a rate of 10 CFU/s. The effect of laminar inlet air flow velocity on the airborne particles concentration around the operating table was examined. It was found that the air flows straight downward from the air-conditioning diffuser towards the middle of the operating table. However, the existence of the medical lamp causes a vortex air flow condition below it. Air also penetrates the ultra-clean area on the opposite side of the operating table. The airborne particles are washed away from the vicinity of the operating table by the air flow. This is more effective when the supply air flow velocity is high. At low air flow velocity, some particles appear to penetrate into the ultra-clean area near the edges of the operating table. At higher air flow velocity, the airborne particles seem to be more effectively washed away from this region. High concentration of airborne particles occurs underneath the medical lamp due to vortices created by the air flow. Higher air flow velocity increases the level of particles concentration in this area
Low-bias Negative Differential Resistance effect in armchair graphene nanoribbon junctions
Graphene nanoribbons with armchair edges (AGNRs) have bandgaps that can be
flexibly tuned via the ribbon width. A junction made of a narrower AGNR
sandwiched between two wider AGNR leads was recently reported to possess two
perfect transmission channels close to the Fermi level. Here, we report that by
using a bias voltage to drive these transmission channels into the gap of the
wider AGNR lead, we can obtain a negative differential resistance (NDR) effect.
Owing to the intrinsic properties of the AGNR junctions, the on-set bias
reaches as low as ~ 0.2 V and the valley current almost vanishes. We further
show that such NDR effect is robust against details of the atomic structure of
the junction, substrate and whether the junction is made by etching or by
hydrogenation.Comment: The following article has been submitted to Applied Physics Letters
(http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl). Copyright (2014)
Author(s). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution
3.0 Unported Licens
First-principles calculation of the thermodynamics of InGaN alloys: Effect of lattice vibrations
The thermodynamics properties of the wurtzite and zinc-blende \InGaN alloys
are calculated using first-principles density-functional calculations. Special
quasi-random structures are used to describe the disordered alloys, for , and 3/4. The effect of lattice vibrations on the phase diagram,
commonly omitted from semiconductor alloy phase diagram calculations, are
included through first-principles calculations of phonon spectra. Inclusion of
lattice vibrations leads to a large reduction in the order-disorder critical
temperature (% and % for the wurtzite and zinc-blende
structures, respectively) and changes the shape of the solubility and spinodal
curve through changes in the entropies of the competing phases. Neglect of such
effect produces significant errors in the phase diagrams of complex ordered
semiconductor compounds. The critical temperature for phase separation is 1654
K (1771 K) for the wurtzite (zinc-blende) structures. The predicted phase
diagrams are in agreement with experimental measurements on MOCVD \InGaN\
films.Comment: Physical Review B, vol. 73, (2006) 23521
Comparing quality of life and treatment satisfaction between patients on warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants : a cross-sectional study
Introduction and aim: Patient quality of life (QOL) while on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy has been receiving greater attention in recent years due to the increase in life expectancy brought about by advances in medical care. This study aimed to compare the QOL, treatment satisfaction, hospitalization and bleeding rate in patients on long-term warfarin versus direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) or venous thromboembolism (VTE) on long-term anticoagulant therapy attending the cardiology clinic and anticoagulation clinic of the University Malaya Medical Centre from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2018. Patient QOL was assessed by using the Short Form 12
Health Survey (SF12), while treatment satisfaction was assessed by using the Perception of Anticoagulation Treatment Questionnaire 2 (PACT-Q2).
Results: A total of 208 patients were recruited; 52.4% received warfarin and 47.6% received DOAC. There was no significant difference in QOL between warfarin and DOAC based on SF12 (physical QOL, P=0.083; mental QOL, P=0.665). Nevertheless, patients in the DOAC
group were significantly more satisfied with their treatment compared to the warfarin group based on PACT-Q2 (P=0.004). The hospitalisation rate was significantly higher in the warfarin group than the DOAC group (15.6% versus 3.0%, P=0.002). Clinically relevant minor bleeds and severe bleeding events were non-significantly higher in the warfarin group than the DOAC group (66.7% versus 40.0%, P=0.069).
Conclusion: Compared to warfarin, treatment of NVAF and VTE with DOAC showed comparable QOL, higher treatment satisfaction, lesser hospitalization, and a non-significant trend toward fewer bleeding episodes
Low-bias negative differential resistance effect in armchair graphene nanoribbon junctions
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS106
Low-bias negative differential resistance effect in armchair graphene nanoribbon junctions
Using the Graphene Moiré Pattern for the Trapping of C<sub>60</sub> and Homoepitaxy of Graphene
The graphene Moiré superstructure offers a complex landscape of humps and valleys to molecules adsorbing and diffusing on it. Using C<sub>60</sub> molecules as the classic hard sphere analogue, we examine its assembly and layered growth on this corrugated landscape. At the monolayer level, the cohesive interactions of C<sub>60</sub> molecules adsorbing on the Moiré lattice freeze the molecular rotation of C<sub>60</sub> trapped in the valley sites, resulting in molecular alignment of all similarly trapped C<sub>60</sub> molecules at room temperature. The hierarchy of adsorption potential well on the Moiré lattice causes diffusion-limited dendritic growth of C<sub>60</sub> films, as opposed to isotropic growth observed on a smooth surface like graphite. Due to the strong binding energy of the C<sub>60</sub> film, part of the dentritic C<sub>60</sub> films polymerize at 850 K and act as solid carbon sources for graphene homoepitaxy. Our findings point to the possibility of using periodically corrugated graphene in molecular spintronics due to its ability to trap and align organic molecules at room temperature
Step Flow Versus Mosaic Film Growth in Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Many emerging applications of hexagonal boron nitride
(h-BN) in
graphene-based nanoelectronics require high-quality monolayers as
the ultrathin dielectric. Here, the nucleation and growth of h-BN
monolayer on Ru(0001) surface are investigated using scanning tunneling
microscopy with a view toward understanding the process of defect
formation on a strongly interacted interface. In contrast to homoelemental
bonding in graphene, the heteroelemental nature of h-BN gives rise
to growth fronts with elemental polarity. This can have consequences
in the different stages of film growth, from the nucleation of h-BN
magic clusters and their sintering to form compact triangular islands
to the growth of patchwork mosaic monolayer with a high density of
misfit boundaries. The parallel alignment of triangular islands on
the same terrace produces translational fault lines when growth fronts
merge, while antiparallel alignment of islands on adjacent terraces
produces non-bonded fault lines between domains terminated by like
atoms. With these insights into the generation of void defects and
fault lines at grain boundaries, we demonstrate a strategy to obtain
high-quality h-BN monolayer film based on step flow growth
Recapitalization of Amphibious Operation and Lift
Includes supplementary material.CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORTSystem Engineering and Analysis Cohort 18A and Temasek Defense Systems InstituteThe aging Whidbey Island and Harpers Ferry class ships, LSD-41 and 49 respectively, comprise just over one third of the amphibious navy. However, a solution to the capability gap created by the loss of these ships is needed to maintain the effectiveness of the amphibious fleet across a broad spectrum of mission areas. This research effort considers future ship designs and fleet architectures to meet the capability gaps left by the decommissioning of the LSD-41 and 49 class ships. With respect to lift capacity, performance capability, cost and a risk assessment, the analysis showed the LPD-17 or a LSD(X) approximately 30% larger than the existing classes to be acceptable replacement classes. This analysis also supports further research to determine the most robust fleet architecture apart from the current eleven LHA or LHD, eleven LPD and eleven LSD paradigm.Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited