The Effect of Slice Thickness on the Volume Estimations Performed by Using Cone Beam CT

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate possible effects of the slice thickness on volume estimations with CBCT.   Materials and Methods: Intraosseous cavities representing bone defects on femoral condyles of bovines were scanned by CBCT. Consecutive slices at 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm thickness were used to estimate the volumes of the cavities using Cavalieri principle of stereological methods then compared with the volumes obtained by Archimedean principle.   Results: The volumes estimated by Cavalieri principle in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm thickness slices were consistent with the volumes obtained by Archimedean principle (p>0.05). For all the defects on the CBCT images, the volumes of the defects which were calculated with Cavalieri principle in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3mm slice thickness were found to be consistent with the actual volumes, however, the volumes that were calculated in 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4mm, and 5 mm slice thickness were found to differ from the actual volumes.   Conclusion: When volume calculations were made by Cavalieri principle, the thinnest slice section should be chosen to make calculations consistent with actual volumes

Epilepsy Prevalence in the 0-17 Age Group in Trabzon, Turkey

Objective: Epilepsy is a most common serious neurological disorder and is one of the world’s most prevalent non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of epilepsy in 0–17 year old children in Trabzon, Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was performed in two phases, a screening phase and a confirmation of the diagnosis phase. The gold standard was a clinical investigation and neurological examination. The diagnosis of epilepsy followed clinical guidelines proposed by the International League against Epilepsy (ILAE). The chi-square test was used in analysis of the results and P-value <0.05 was calculated. Findings: The prevalence per 1000 participants of epilepsy was 8.6 (5.9–11.4; 95%CI). We detected 37 cases (18 males and 19 females) of epilepsy. The male/female ratio was 0.95. This study showed an increased risk for epilepsy with low socioeconomic level, a history of postpartum seizure, meningitis, head trauma, febrile convulsion and family history of epilepsy. More than one seizure type was present in 15 (40.5%) of epileptic children. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were determined in 24 patients (64.9%) and absence type in 9 (24.3%). It was found that 25.0% of children with epilepsy had never visited the school at the time the study was performed due to the disease and attendant seizures. Conclusion: The prevalence of epilepsy in Trabzon is low compared to other parts of Turkey and other developing countries

ÜREME SAĞLIĞINI KORUMA VE GELİŞTİRMEDE FARKLI YAKLAŞIM: ANNE EĞİTİMİNİN KIZLARINA AKTARILMASININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

DergiPark: 73126ejovocThe study was planned to train mothers about reproduction health and to assess whether or not they transferred the knowledge they learnt to their daughters. It was semi-experimental study and was conducted in pretest-posttest design. The study included 54 mothers who were aged between 19 and 49, had daughters aged ? 18 and came to Trabzon Mother and Child Health and Family Planning Center between the 1st of October 2011 and the 1st of June 2012. Knowledge Evaluation Form and Form for Protective Attitudes of Reproductive Health (SPARH) were used. A total of 6 trainings -3 for mothers and 3 for daughters with telephone counseling- were provided. Each training lasted 30 minutes. Mothers’ mean score of Knowledge Evaluation Form was 7±0.7 while daughters’ was 8±1.5 before training but mothers’ mean score of Knowledge Evaluation Form was 11±0.4 while daughters’ was 10±1.3 after training. Mothers’ mean score of SPARH was 42±3.4 while daughters’ was 51±1.9 before training but mothers’ mean score of SPARH was 76±4.5 while daughters’ was 78±2.7 after training. There was significant difference in knowledge reproductivehealth level before and after trainings (pBu çalışma,annelere üreme sağlığı konusunda belirli bilgiler verilerek ve bu bilgileri kızlarına aktarıp aktarmadığını değerlendirmek için planlanmıştır. Ön-test son-test yarı deneysel niteliktedir. Çalışmanın örneklemi 19-49 kadın yaş grubunda1 Ekim 2011 ve 1 Haziran 2012 tarihleri arasında, Trabzon Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması merkezine gelen 18 yaş üstü kızları olan 54 anneyi içermektedir. Çalışma için bilgi değerlendirme formu ve Üreme Sağlığı Koruyucu Tutum Belirleme Anketi (ÜSKTBA)kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada 3 anne eğitimi, 3 telefon ile kızlara danışmanlık eğitimi olmak üzere toplam 6 eğitim yapılmıştır. Her eğitim süresi 30 dakika olarak belirlenmiştir. Eğitim öncesi bilgi değerlendirme formu ortalaması annelerde 7±0.7, kızlarında 8±1.5, eğitim sonrası bilgi değerlendirme formu ortalaması annelerde 11±0.4, kızlarında 10±1.3 eğitim öncesi üreme sağlığını koruyucu tutum belirleme anketi ortalaması annelerde42±3.4, kızlarında 51±1.9, eğitim sonrası üreme sağlığını koruyucu tutum belirleme anketi ortalaması annelerde 76±4.5, kızlarında 78±2.7 olarakbulundu. Eğitim öncesi ve sonrası bilgi düzeyi ve üreme sağlığını koruyucu tutum belirleme anket ortalamaları arasında anlamlı faklılık tespit edildi (p &amp;lt; 0.05).Anneye verilen eğitimin kızlarına aktarılması üzerindeki etkisi olumludu

Tıp Eğitiminin Sosyal Yaşama Etkisi: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dönem 4 Öğrencileri

Amaç: Bu çalışmada tıp eğitiminin öğrencilerin sosyal yaşamları üzerinde oluşturduğu etkilerle ilgili algıları, sosyalleşme sürecini etkileyen diğer faktörler, bu sürecin zaman içerisindeki değişimi ve bu değişikliğin sebeplerini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı tipte olan çalışma Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya ilgili fakültede öğrenim görmekte olan 208 dönem 4 öğrencisi katılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri 21-25 Ekim 2013 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak 24 sorudan oluşan, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen, tıp eğitiminin sosyal hayata etkisini değerlendiren bir anket formu kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin sosyal etkinlik katılım sıklığını ölçen bir tablo kullanılarak sosyal etkinlik puanları hesaplanmıştır.Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin %78,4’ü tıp fakültesine başladıklarından bu yana hobilerine ayırdıkları zamanın azaldığını belirtmiştir. Hobilerine ayırdıkları zamanın azaldığını belirten öğrencilerin %88,8’i buna sebep olarak okul ders saatlerini, %70,7’si ise kendi ders çalışma saatlerini göstermiştir. Öğrencilerin %47,1’i üniversiteye başladığından beri arkadaş sayısının arttığını belirtirken, %22,1’i azaldığını belirtmektedir. Ayrıca erkek öğrencilerin kız öğrencilerden daha fazla üniversite kulüplerine katılım gösterdiği (p&lt;0,001), evde kalan öğrencilerin ise sosyal etkinliklere daha fazla katıldığı (p=0,031) görülmüştür.Sonuç: Çalışmada tıp eğitiminin yoğun programının sosyal etkinliklere katılımı sınırladığı belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, ders programlarının grup çalışmalarına katılımı destekleyecek şekilde geliştirilmesi ve üniversite içerisinde sosyal etkinlikler düzenlenerek öğrencilerin bu etkinliklere yönlendirilmesi önerilmektedir

Determination of Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi IgG in Adult Population Living in Trabzon

Background: Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne, multi-systemic infectious disease that is thought to be wide spread in Turkey even though studies on its seroprevalence are limited. Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of Lyme borreliosis in part of north-eastern Tur-key (in the city of Trabzon), and to identify possible relationships between seropositivity and various factors such as location, gender, age group, occupation, income, and educational level. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 884 blood samples collected from provincial and district health centers serving a population of about 800,000 were included in this study. ELISA was used to determine the anti-Borrelia IgG antibody levels in the samples. Samples that yielded positive results by ELISA were further subjected to western blot (WB). Results: IgG antibodies were found in 128 samples (14.5%). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between age groups and educational levels in terms of the incidence of seropositivity, whereas location, gender, occupational group and income level had no effect (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.948, p=0.645, p=0.131, p=0.080 respectively). Conclusions: The risk of contracting Lyme borreliosis in Trabzon is high, and necessary measures need to be taken to avoid the spread of diseas

An Outbreak of Botulism: Evaluation of the 24 Patients

Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by the microorganism Clostridium botulinum, which secretes toxins that affect the peripheral synapses. In this study, epidemiological and clinical features of the outbreak of botulism in the Ayvadere village, Trabzon in April 2000 are evaluated and discussed. The material responsible for contamination was identified as home-made cheese, a traditional food in the region. The outbreak affected a total of 24 people of which 16 were men and 8 were women. The mean value of patients age was 39.6 ± 14.9 (16-72) and the mean duration of incubation was 86.5 ± 64 (8-192) hours. The frequency symptoms and signs were as follows; dryness of mouth and fatigue 96%, visual disturbances 83%, dysphagia 79%, decrease in gag reflex 75%, diplopia 63%. The patients were classifed into two groups: Group 1 (n= 11) consisting of patients with generalized symptoms and respiratory distress and Group 2 (n= 13) consisting of patients without respiratory distress symptoms. All patients were followed after hospitalization. In Group 1, 5 patients underwent tracheotomy and of these 4 necessiated mechanical ventilation. Antitoxin was available for only 8 patients in Group 1 and hypersensitivity to antitoxin developed in one patient. Mean duration of stay in hospital in Group 1 was 20.8 ± 15.9 days for those receiving antitoxin (n= 8) and 35 ± 12.1 days for those that did not receive antitoxin. Three patients who died belonged to the Group 1 and were associated with severe respiratory distress. The mean duration of incubation periods for the fatal cases and survived cases was 26.6 ± 20.1 and 95.1 ± 63.7 hours and the patients mean age was 45.6 ± 19.4 and 38.7 ± 14.6 respectively. However no significant difference was present between the groups with respect to incubation (p> 0.05). In the follow-up after three months persistance of complaints such as fatigue and muscular weakness were noted. This is the largest series of botulismus outbreak reported from Turkey, diagnosed in view of clinical and epidemiological features further supported by EMG findings

Information, attitude, and behavior toward organ transplantation and donation among health workers in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey

Aim: We sought to evaluate the information, attitude, and behaviors toward organ donation among health workers in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Method: This descriptive study was performed between December 2008 and November 2009. It involved 1,545 health personnel in 8 state hospitals in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey, excluding the university hospitals in the towns of Trabzon, Rize, Gmhane, and Giresun. Educational seminars regarding organ transplantation and donation were arranged for the hospitals in the study. Questionnaires on the subject distributed to the participants were collected before the seminars began. They contained questions about occupation, gender, age, previous organ donation, whether the person would consider donating if they had not already volunteered (if not, the reasons why), whether any relatives had volunteered to donate organs, whether anyone close to them had volunteered to donate organs, whether they would donate organs in the event of a relative's death, and what they might think if they were to require an organ transplant. Following the seminars, participants were given the opportunity to obtain organ donation cards from a stand on site. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Eighty-one participants (5.2%), including 46 women (5.2%) and 35 men (5.3%), had previously officially volunteered to donate organs (P = .875). One hundred thirty-seven health personnel were willing to donate organs by visiting the donation stand after the seminars. The main reasons for participants who had not volunteered to donate organs failing to do so were lack of information about donation and procedures (28.4%), lack of interest in the subject (23.2%), and Islamic religious beliefs and/or traditions (19.6%). One hundred eighty health personnel (11.7%) had family members or relatives who had volunteered to donate organs. Asked whether they would donate that person's organs in the event of the death of a relative, 93 doctors (67.6%), 225 nonphysician health personnel (41.1%), and 345 other participants (43.1%) stated that they would not (P < .0005). Conclusions: Health workers play a key role to overcome the difficulties encountered regarding organ donation. This study showed the need for constant effective education seminars to enhance knowledge and sensitivity on the part of health workers. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology in Turkey

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of RSV among high-risk children admitted with respiratory symptoms in a developing country. This is a multicenter study conducted among children less than 24 months of age and admitted to the hospital with respiratory symptoms. The inclusion criteria included: lower respiratory tract symptoms on admission, gestational age less than 35 weeks, and admission age less than six months, or children less than 24 months of age with a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring medical treatment or intervention during the last six months or with an uncorrected congenital heart disease (other than patent ductus arteriosus). Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained with one of the three standard methods: nasopharyngeal aspirate, nasopharyngeal wash or nasopharyngeal swab. RSV antigen was determined by enzyme immunoassay using Abbott TESTPACK RSV (No. 8100/2027-16). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and chi-square test. In this study, 332 children (135 females, 40.7%; 197 males, 59.3%) were included, and the nasopharyngeal specimens of 98 (29.5%) children were determined to be RSV-positive. There were no differences in sex, age of gestation, age of admission, family education, number of siblings and smoking at home for RSV-positive and -negative cases. Furthermore, underlying disease and duration of hospital and intensive care unit stay were similar among groups. Only otitis media was more common among RSV-positive cases. No fatality at hospital was recorded. Frozen samples revealed more negative results. Most cases presented during winter and the number of RSV-positive cases was higher in cold and economically poor areas. Premature children and children with underlying medical con dition acquire RSV irrespective of other sociodemographic risk factors, and most of them are hospitalized. Thus, an RSV vaccine seems the most effective mode of protection to decrease morbidity and mortality