43 research outputs found
Lessond from East Asia
While still short of being entirely mainstream there does appear to be a growing recognition in both
policy circles and academia that economic development is not brought about by autonomous profitmaximising
agents interacting anonymously through equilibrium markets.1 Rather, economic
development is an inherently disequilibric process involving interactive and institutionally
embedded processes in broader systems of firms, governments, research centres, universities,
consultants, and other entities. These systems can tap into stocks of global knowledge and
technologies, assimilate and adapt it to local circumstances, and create new knowledge or
technologies.
Such broader production systems are conceptualised in several different ways in the literature,
e.g. Lundvall et al.âs ânational innovation systemsâ, Richard Whitleyâs âbusiness systemsâ, and
Sanjaya Lallâs concept of âindustrial technology developmentâ. This paper identifies and outlines
four different systemic approaches to economic development. All four approaches have primarily
been developed to address nationally based institutional systems in advanced economies.
Both the ontological premises and the policy implications of these systemic approaches depart
distinctly from the conventional orthodoxy on economic development as articulated in the
âWashington Consensusâ and its later derivatives. The article goes on to explore which policy
implications the adoption of such a systemic view might have for the New Partnership for Africaâs
Development (NEPAD)
Outward FDI from the BRICS countries
South Korean and Taiwanese brands have long been household names. Today, however, the names of transnational companies (TNCs) from an increasingly diverse set of emerging and developing economies are regularly making if not the dinner table conversation then at least the headlines of the international business press. This reflects that companies such as Mittal and Tata (India), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), Haier and Lenovo (PRC), Embraer (Brazil), SAPMiller (South Africa), and Cemex (Mexico) are foraying ever deeper into the international economy and increasingly investing abroad.
Even though FDI usually constitutes only a minor part of countriesâ total capital formation, the relationships between FDI and economic growth, welfare, and industrial upgrading in developing countries have been the object of long and extensive treatment in the literature. However, the literature has overwhelmingly focused on the impact of outward FDI from developed countries into recipient developing countries. Much less analyzed has been the increasingly important phenomenon of outward FDI (OFDI) from the developing countries themselves, be it into developed or into other developing countries. Apart from a few early pioneering studies (Lecraw 1977; Lall 1983; Wells 1983; Agarwal 1985) only few studies have been made so far of outward investment from emerging and developing economies. This is in spite of the fact that the value of outward FDI stock from developing countries reached USD859 billion in 2003, up from USD129 billion in 1990, and has increased 11 times since 1985.
A limited number of recent studies do exist, though (e.g. Cai 1999; Lecraw 1993; van Hoesel 1999; Tolentino 1993; Andreff 2003; Chudnovsky and LĂłpez 2000; Bulatov 1998, Yeung 2000). Furthermore, academic interest in the subject picked up considerably with the publication of UNCTADâs 2006 World Investment Report, which was dedicated to the subject of FDI from developing and transition economies. The report was succeeded by a number of journal special issues (e.g. JIBS 2007, JIM forthcoming, TC forthcoming) and books (e.g. Goldstein 2007; Benito and Narula 2007).
This paper takes stock of the mounting trend of outward FDI from emerging economies, with special focus on a group of five countries, which are becoming increasingly economically and politically influential, viz. the âBRICSâ countries. An âSâ is appended here to the conventional acronym of âBRICâ (Brazil, Russia, India, China) to include the largest economy on the African continent, South Africa. The five BRICS countries produced some USD25 billion of outward FDI flows in 2004, corresponding to some 3 percent of world FDI flows and well over half (61 percent) of total developing country outflows. OFDI from the BRICS countries has grown rapidly over the last few years, while still remaining modest compared to many developed countries.
Following a brief discussion of FDI and emerging economies in general the article proceeds to hypothesise that the increase we currently observe in outward investment from emerging and developing economies may constitute a third âwaveâ of OFDI, distinct from the two previous waves depicted in the literature, and outlines the contours of such a wave. An empirical analysis OFDI from the BRICS countries follows, conducted at three levels: global (what is the extent, directions, etc. of outward FDI); sectoral (in which sectors is outward FDI significant); and firm level, identifying a small number of particularly interesting TNCs from emerging and developing economie
Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia
Chinaâs increasing integration with the world economy is met with much anticipation and much anxiety in the Southeast Asian region. In Indonesia, there is intense interest in Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), not only among academics but also among policy makers, industrialists and the general public. So much more surprising is the fact that no systematic study of Chinese FDI in Indonesia has been undertaken to date. The current paper contributes to filling this gap and analyses the current composition as well as the historical evolution of Chinese FDI in Indonesia. Relying on a survey conducted in 2008 among Chinese invested enterprises supplemented with available official statistics and secondary data, the study finds that Chinese FDI in Indonesia is performed by mixed entities: some are owned by central government, some by regional government and some are private firms. In the case of joint ventures, their local partners are mostly local Chinese, except in the infrastructure, mining and energy sector where their local partners are Indonesian state-owned enterprises. Where the local developmental effects are concerned, a picture emerges where Chinese investments, at this early period of their internationalization, are likely to give rise to a more modest extent of positive spillovers than investor from more economically advanced countries. This stems from the sectors, investment motives and operational strategies of Chinese investors, the heritage of ethnic tension and segmentation of the economic system along ethnic lines in Indonesia, and the likelihood that Chinese MNCs as latecomers are more vertically integrated than their developed-country counterparts. Finally, considering the evolution of Chinese investments in Indonesia over time, investments have evolved from being individual and isolated projects to acquiring more systemic properties. Chinese companies have acquired a broader sectoral presence in Indonesia and Chinese invested companies in e.g. extractive or manufacturing activities can increasingly rely on complementary Chinese investments in logistics, travel, finance etc
Attitudes About Sex and Marital Sexual Behavior in Hai Duong Province, Vietnam
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74926/1/j.1728-4465.2005.00047.x.pd
Misinformation as Immigration Control
It is wrong to force refugees to return to the countries they fled from. It is similarly wrong, many argue, to force migrants back to countries with life-threatening conditions. I argue that it is additionally wrong to help such refugees and migrants voluntarily return whilst failing to inform them of the risks. Drawing on existing data, and original data from East Africa, I describe distinct types of cases where such a wrong arises. In âMisinformation Casesâ officials tell refugees that it is safe to return, when it is not, and refugees return who would have otherwise stayed. In âOmission Casesâ officials do not provide any information on countries of origin, and this omission causes refugees to repatriate. In âRelevancy Casesâ refugees are misinformed or uninformed, but would have returned even if better informed. In all of these cases, at least some state officials are blameworthy for their failure to inform refugees, and are engaging in a form of wrongful immigration control
Recommended from our members
Inward and Outward FDI Country Profiles, Second Edition
This second edition contains a series of 77 standardized country profiles dealing with the inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) performance of 40 economies. The profiles have been peer-reviewed by a global network of experts. The publication is intended to contribute to the analysis of trends in foreign direct investment and policy issues related to them. More specifically, the individual profiles discuss FDI trends and developments (country-level developments, the corporate players); effects of the recent global crises; and the policy scene. Each profile contains a standard set of tables, including on FDI stocks and flows, sectoral and geographical FDI distributions, the largest M&As and greenfield investments, the principal foreign affiliates (for inward FDI), and the principal multinational enterprises (for outward FDI). The standardized template used to produce the profiles allows cross-country comparisons. The volume is meant to be a reference tool for anyone interested in foreign direct investment
Internationalization within networks: Exploring the relationship between inward and outward FDI in Chinaâs auto components industry
This is the accepted manuscript. It is currently embargoed pending publication.We explore how the outward FDI strategies of Chinese auto component MNCs are\ud
shaped by sub-contracting supply relationships established with developed market MNCs.\ud
We argue the strong presence of foreign MNC business networks developed through prior\ud
inward FDI constitutes an important home country effect influencing the outward FDI\ud
strategies of emerging market MNCs. Using the updated internationalization process model,\ud
we show how commitment to business networks is a critical mechanism driving the\ud
internationalization trajectories of Chinese auto component MNCs. This includes geographic\ud
location choices to psychically distant developed markets, strategic asset seeking orientation,\ud
pace of internationalisation and entry mode decisions
Emerging multinationals: Outward FDI from the BRICS countries
Presented at the GLOBELICS 6th International Conference 2008 22-24 September, Mexico City, Mexico.South Korean and Taiwanese brands have long been household names. Today, however, the names
of transnational companies (TNCs) from an increasingly diverse set of emerging and developing
economies are regularly making if not the dinner table conversation then at least the headlines of the
international business press. This reflects that companies such as Mittal and Tata (India), China
National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), Haier and Lenovo (PRC), Embraer (Brazil),
SAPMiller (South Africa), and Cemex (Mexico) are foraying ever deeper into the international
economy and increasingly investing abroad.
This paper takes stock of the mounting trend of outward FDI from emerging economies, with
special focus on a group of five countries, which are becoming increasingly economically and
politically influential, viz. the 'BRICS' countries. An 'S' is appended here to the conventional
acronym of 'BRIC' (Brazil, Russia, India, China) to include the largest economy on the African
continent, South Africa. The five BRICS countries produced some USD25 billion of outward FDI
flows in 2004, corresponding to some 3 percent of world FDI flows and well over half (61 percent)
of total developing country outflows. OFDI from the BRICS countries has grown rapidly over the last few years, while still remaining modest compared to many developed countries.
Following a brief discussion of FDI and emerging economies in general the article proceeds to
hypothesise that the increase we currently observe in outward investment from emerging and
developing economies may constitute a third 'wave' of OFDI, distinct from the two previous waves
depicted in the literature, and outlines the contours of such a wave. An empirical analysis OFDI
from the BRICS countries follows, conducted at three levels: global (what is the extent, directions,
etc. of outward FDI); sectoral (in which sectors is outward FDI significant); and firm level, identifying a small number of particularly interesting TNCs from emerging and developing
economies