Esophageal and Gastric Malignancies After Bariatric Surgery: a Retrospective Global Study

Background: Bariatric surgery can influence the presentation, diagnosis, and management of gastrointestinal cancers. Esophagogastric (EG) malignancies in patients who have had a prior bariatric procedure have not been fully characterized. Objective: To characterize EG malignancies after bariatric procedures. Setting: University Hospital, United Kingdom. Methods: We performed a retrospective, multicenter observational study of patients with EG malignancies after bariatric surgery to characterize this condition. Results: This study includes 170 patients from 75 centers in 25 countries who underwent bariatric procedures between 1985 and 2020. At the time of the bariatric procedure, the mean age was 50.2 ± 10 years, and the mean weight 128.8 ± 28.9 kg. Women composed 57.3% (n = 98) of the population. Most (n = 64) patients underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) followed by adjustable gastric band (AGB; n = 46) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG; n = 43). Time to cancer diagnosis after bariatric surgery was 9.5 ± 7.4 years, and mean weight at diagnosis was 87.4 ± 21.9 kg. The time lag was 5.9 ± 4.1 years after SG compared to 9.4 ± 7.1 years after RYGB and 10.5 ± 5.7 years after AGB. One third of patients presented with metastatic disease. The majority of tumors were adenocarcinoma (82.9%). Approximately 1 in 5 patients underwent palliative treatment from the outset. Time from diagnosis to mortality was under 1 year for most patients who died over the intervening period. Conclusion: The Oesophago-Gastric Malignancies After Obesity/Bariatric Surgery study presents the largest series to date of patients developing EG malignancies after bariatric surgery and attempts to characterize this condition.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Interacción entre poblaciones de Triatoma infestans y Triatoma sordida Interação entre população de Triatoma infestans e Triatoma sordida Population interactions between Triatoma infestans and Triatoma sordida

Para conocer si se producía algún tipo de interacción entre poblaciones de Triatoma infestans y Triatoma sordida que convivían en una unidad experimental y explotaban el mismo recurso alimentario (ave) se las estudió desde setiembre/1988 a abril/1989. La composición etaria inicial para cada especie fue: 27 N1, 7 N2, 11 N3, 3 N4, 8 N5, 4 machos y 10 hembras. La dinámica de población, el estado nutricional, la predación y la conducta gregaria, utilizados como parámetros de comparación, fueron estimados mediante censos mensuales. Triatoma infestans logró mayor éxito colonizador que T. sordida dado los valores alcanzados en: fecundidad (146 huevos/hembra), longevidad (157,8 días) y mortalidad (39,4%), en comparación a los obtenidos por T. sordida: 118 huevos/hembra, 81,1 días y 54,0% respectivamente. La población de T. infestans tuvo un crecimiento de tipo exponencial, con una alta tasa de renovación ninfal, en contraposición, la población de T. sordida se extinguió tempranamente. En general, el peso promedio de los ejemplares de T. infestans se mantuvo en valores próximos al inicial, mientras que en T. sordida se redujo. Los grupos gregarios se conformaron mayoritariamente en el sector inferior de la pared 1 (próximo al hospedador), observándose mayor nivel de contagio en T. infestans. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se formula la hipótesis de la superioridad competitiva en T. infestans.<br>Para saber se algum tipo de interação se produzia entre populações de Triatoma infestans e T. sordida que conviviam em uma unidade experimental e compartilharam o mesmo recurso alimentar (ave), foi realizado estudo que abrangeu o período de setembro de 1988 a abril de 1989. A composição etária inicial para cada espécie foi: 27 N1, 7 N2, 11 N3, 3 N4, 8 N5, 4 machos e 10 fêmeas. A dinâmica da população, o estado nutricional, a predação e a conduta gregria foram estimados mediante censos mensais. T. infestans obteve maior êxito colonizador que T. sordida dado os valores alcançados em: fecundidade (146 ovos/fêmea), longevidade (157,8 dias) e mortalidade (39,4%), em comparação aos obtidos por T. sordida: 118 ovos/fêmeas, 81,1 dias e 54,0% respectivamente. A população de T. infestans teve crescimento do tipo exponencial, com alta taxa de renovação ninfal; em contraposição, a população de T. sordida se extinguiu mais cedo. Em geral, o peso médio dos exemplares de T. infestans manteve-se em valores próximos ao inicial, enquanto que em T. sordida se reduziu. Os grupos gregários se formaram sobretudo no setor inferior da parede 1 (próximo ao hospedeiro), observando-se maior nível de contágio em T. infestans. A partir dos resultados obtidos, formulou-se a hipótese da superioridade competitiva de T. infestans.<br>Populations of T. infestans and T. sordida were studied between September 1988 and April 1989 with a view to discovering if any kind of interaction took place between them while they lives together in the same experimental unit and exploited the same food resource (chicken). The initial age structure for each species was: 27 N1, 7 N2, 11 N3, 3 N4, 8 N5, 4 males and 10 females. The population dynamics nutritional status, predation and gregarious behavior were estimated by means of a monthly census. The colonizing success of T. infestans was greater than that of T. sordida in view of the values obtained: fecundity (146 eggs/female), longevity (157.8 days) and mortality (39.4) compared with the values recorded for T. sordida: 118 eggs/female, 81.1 days and 54.0% respectively. The population growth of T. insfestans followed an exponential model, with a high nymphal recruitment rate, while the T. sordida population was early extinguished. In general, the average weight of T. infestans remained close to the initial values while that of T. sordida declined. Gregarious groups were formed principally in the inferior sector of wall 1 (near the host) with a higher aggregation in T, infestans. These results make it possible to propose the hypothesis of the competitive superiority of T. infestans

Esophageal and gastric malignancies after bariatric surgery: a retrospective global study

Background: Bariatric surgery can influence the presentation, diagnosis, and management of gastrointestinal cancers. Esophagogastric (EG) malignancies in patients who have had a prior bariatric procedure have not been fully characterized. Objective: To characterize EG malignancies after bariatric procedures. Setting: University Hospital, United Kingdom. Methods: We performed a retrospective, multicenter observational study of patients with EG malignancies after bariatric surgery to characterize this condition. Results: This study includes 170 patients from 75 centers in 25 countries who underwent bariatric procedures between 1985 and 2020. At the time of the bariatric procedure, the mean age was 50.2 ± 10 years, and the mean weight 128.8 ± 28.9 kg. Women composed 57.3% (n = 98) of the population. Most (n = 64) patients underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) followed by adjustable gastric band (AGB; n = 46) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG; n = 43). Time to cancer diagnosis after bariatric surgery was 9.5 ± 7.4 years, and mean weight at diagnosis was 87.4 ± 21.9 kg. The time lag was 5.9 ± 4.1 years after SG compared to 9.4 ± 7.1 years after RYGB and 10.5 ± 5.7 years after AGB. One third of patients presented with metastatic disease. The majority of tumors were adenocarcinoma (82.9%). Approximately 1 in 5 patients underwent palliative treatment from the outset. Time from diagnosis to mortality was under 1 year for most patients who died over the intervening period. Conclusion: The Oesophago-Gastric Malignancies After Obesity/Bariatric Surgery study presents the largest series to date of patients developing EG malignancies after bariatric surgery and attempts to characterize this condition

Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND: Vitamin K antagonists are highly effective in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation but have several limitations. Apixaban is a novel oral direct factor Xa inhibitor that has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke in a similar population in comparison with aspirin. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind trial, we compared apixaban (at a dose of 5 mg twice daily) with warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2.0 to 3.0) in 18,201 patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one additional risk factor for stroke. The primary outcome was ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. The trial was designed to test for noninferiority, with key secondary objectives of testing for superiority with respect to the primary outcome and to the rates of major bleeding and death from any cause. RESULTS: The median duration of follow-up was 1.8 years. The rate of the primary outcome was 1.27% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 1.60% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio with apixaban, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.95; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P = 0.01 for superiority). The rate of major bleeding was 2.13% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 3.09% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.80; P<0.001), and the rates of death from any cause were 3.52% and 3.94%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.99; P = 0.047). The rate of hemorrhagic stroke was 0.24% per year in the apixaban group, as compared with 0.47% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.75; P<0.001), and the rate of ischemic or uncertain type of stroke was 0.97% per year in the apixaban group and 1.05% per year in the warfarin group (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.13; P = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with atrial fibrillation, apixaban was superior to warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism, caused less bleeding, and resulted in lower mortality. Copyright © 2011 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved

Apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: A subgroup analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial

Background: In the ARISTOTLE trial, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was reduced by apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients with AF and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) have a high risk of stroke. We therefore aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin in prespecified subgroups of patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. Methods: Between Dec 19, 2006, and April 2, 2010, patients were enrolled in the ARISTOTLE trial at 1034 clinical sites in 39 countries. 18 201 patients with AF or atrial flutter were randomly assigned to receive apixaban 5 mg twice daily or warfarin (target international normalised ratio 2·0-3·0). The median duration of follow-up was 1·8 years (IQR 1·4-2·3). The primary efficacy outcome was stroke or systemic embolism, analysed by intention to treat. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding in the on-treatment population. All participants, investigators, and sponsors were masked to treatment assignments. In this subgroup analysis, we estimated event rates and used Cox models to compare outcomes in patients with and without previous stroke or TIA. The ARISTOTLE trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NTC00412984. Findings: Of the trial population, 3436 (19%) had a previous stroke or TIA. In the subgroup of patients with previous stroke or TIA, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was 2·46 per 100 patient-years of follow-up in the apixaban group and 3·24 in the warfarin group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·76, 95% CI 0·56 to 1·03); in the subgroup of patients without previous stroke or TIA, the rate of stroke or systemic embolism was 1·01 per 100 patient-years of follow-up with apixaban and 1·23 with warfarin (HR 0·82, 95% CI 0·65 to 1·03; p for interaction=0·71). The absolute reduction in the rate of stroke and systemic embolism with apixaban versus warfarin was 0·77 per 100 patient-years of follow-up (95% CI -0·08 to 1·63) in patients with and 0·22 (-0·03 to 0·47) in those without previous stroke or TIA. The difference in major bleeding with apixaban compared with warfarin was 1·07 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0·09-2·04) in patients with and 0·93 (0·54-1·32) in those without previous stroke or TIA. Interpretation: The effects of apixaban versus warfarin were consistent in patients with AF with and without previous stroke or TIA. Owing to the higher risk of these outcomes in patients with previous stroke or TIA, the absolute benefits of apixaban might be greater in this population. Funding: Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd

Biodiversidad 2018. Reporte de estado y tendencias de la biodiversidad continental de Colombia

Las cifras y temáticas contenidos en el presente Reporte, aunque no son el panorama completo del estado del conocimiento de la biodiversidad en Colombia, son un compendio seleccionado de los temas que, desde el Instituto Humboldt, consideramos son relevantes y merecen ser discutidos por el público general. En muchos de los casos, las cifras no son esperanzadoras u son un llamado urgente a la acción. En otro casos son la evidencia de que se requieren acciones a nivel nacional, y más allá de esto, son muchas las iniciativas que están germinando desde los territorios, cada vez desde una mayor variedad de actores.Bogotá, D. C., Colombi