Réflexions sur la catégorie des choses hors du commerce: l'exemple des éléments et des produits du corps humain en droit français

La catégorie des choses hors du commerce juridique et la notion d'extra-commercialité qu'elle définit, sembleraient reposer dans des zones calmes du droit. Aussi, praticiens et auteurs ont-ils pris le pli de qualifier d'hors du commerce une multitude d'objets dans le seul dessein de les soustraire partiellement aux mécanismes du marché. Une analyse approfondie de la notion d'extra-commercialité à partir de l'exemple des éléments et des produits du corps humain, nous révèle pourtant qu'elle n'est juridiquement cohérente et utile qu'autant qu'elle est absolue. Or, dans la pratique, cette condition n'est jamais réalisée. Afin d'éviter de conclure à la disparition pure et simple de cette catégorie juridique, il convient d'affirmer le caractère « temporairement absolu » de l'extra-commercialité, en réhabilitant le mécanisme juridique de l'affectation des biens à la personne.The category of things outside legal commerce and the concept of extra commercium resulting therefrom, would seem to repose in the bucolic areas of the law. Accordingly, practitioners and authors have taken the habit of qualifying a multitude of items as being outside the ambit of trade for the sole purpose of removing them from the laws of the marketplace ? An indepth analysis of the concept of "extracommerciality" based on the example of elements and products of the human body, serves to illustrate how this concept cannot be legally coherent and useful unless it is absolute. Yet, in practice, this condition is never satisfied. In order to avoid the pure and simple disappearance of this legal category, it would befitting to assert the "temporarily absolute"character of extracommerciality while rehabilitating the legal process for assigning property to a person

Compte-rendu : La grande duperie, de Mahmûd 'Abd al-Fadil

Si le clivage traditionnel gouvernement/opposition reste valable en ce qui concerne certains grands problèmes socio-politiques en Égypte, dans le cas de l'affaire des sociétés de placement de fonds, les intellectuels sympathisants de la gauche ont dans une large mesure rejoint les partisans du pouvoir en place dans leur analyse du phénomène. Il en est ainsi de Mahmûd 'ABD AL-FADIL, mais aussi de Farag FAWDA, de 'Abd al-Qadir CHUHAYB ou de Badr 'AQL. Les thèses de ces auteurs vont toutes, à qu..

Vers un partenariat Europe-Machrek ? Espoirs et obstacles

Le morcellement actuel du Moyen-Orient résulte essentiellement de décisions politiques de la première moitié du xxe siècle : d'une part, la répartition de zones d'influence dans la région entre puissances coloniales (accords Sykes-Picot en 1915 entre la France et l'Angleterre, qui ont découpé le Proche-Orient en états-nations souvent artificiels : création du Liban en 1920); d'autre part, la déclaration Balfour en 1917, promettant la création en Palestine d'un foyer juif qui allait devenir l'..

O destino dos direitos (marcas, desenhos e modelos, denominações de origem e variedades vegetais) concedidos antes do Brexit

Esta é uma visão geral e sucinta do que espera os profissionais da propriedade industrial. Regras e salvaguardas existem: elas devem ser aplicadas e caso seja necessário fazê-las cumprir. Mas ainda há uma série de mecanismos a serem estabelecidos durante as negociações: isso necessitará de uma vontade que ousamos esperar de todas as partes interessadas e exigirá, sobretudo, muita vigilância por parte dos profissionais

The respiratory syncytial virus nucleoprotein–RNA complex forms a left-handed helical nucleocapsid

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen. Its nucleocapsid (NC), which comprises the negative sense RNA viral genome coated by the viral nucleoprotein N, is a critical assembly that serves as template for both mRNA synthesis and genome replication. We have previously described the X-ray structure of a nucleocapsid-like structure: a decameric ring formed of N-RNA that mimics one turn of the helical NC. In the absence of experimental data we had hypothesized that the NC helix would be right-handed, as the N-N contacts in the ring appeared to more easily adapt to that conformation. We now unambiguously show that the RSV NC is a left-handed helix. We further show that the contacts in the ring can be distorted to maintain key N-N protein interactions in a left-handed helix, and discuss the implications of the resulting atomic model of the helical NC for viral replication and transcription

A patente unitária e a futura jurisdição unificada

A instauração da patente europeia com efeito unitário bem como o acordo sobre a instituição de uma nova jurisdição europeia unificada constituem um pacote patente (para retomar a expressão habitual no seio das instituições da União) cuja complexidade é desde logo fruto de um processo político que foi longo e difícil. Depois de recordar as suas etapas essenciais, analisaremos as novas disposições que regulam por um lado a patente europeia com efeito unitário e, por outro lado, o dispositivo jurisdicional que a deve acompanhar

Coagulation performance and floc characteristics of polytitanium tetrachloride and titanium tetrachloride compared with ferric chloride for coal mining wastewater treatment

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Abstract The production and discharge of large volumes of wastewater during coal mining activities are one of the major environmental issues in Australia. Therefore, it is crucial to develop and optimise effective treatment processes for the safe disposal of coal mining wastewater (CMWW). In this study, we investigated the performance of a recently developed polytitanium tetrachloride (PTC) coagulant and compared with the performance of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and the commonly used ferric chloride (FeCl3) coagulant for the treatment of CMWW from one of the coal mining sites in Australia. The use of Ti-based coagulants is particularly attractive for the CMWW treatment due to the advantage of being able to recycle the sludge to produce functional titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst; unlike the flocs formed using conventional coagulants, which need to be disposed in landfill sites. The results showed that both PTC and TiCl4 performed better than FeCl3 in terms of turbidity, UV254 and inorganic compounds (e.g. aluminium, copper or zinc) removal, however, PTC performed poorly in terms of dissolved organic carbon removal (i.e. less than 10%). While charge neutralisation and bridging adsorption were the main coagulation mechanisms identified for TiCl4 treatment; sweep coagulation and bridging adsorption seemed to play a more important role for both PTC and FeCl3 treatments. The flocs formed by PTC coagulation achieved the largest floc size of around 900 μm with the highest floc growth rate. Both Ti-based coagulants (i.e., PTC and TiCl4) showed higher strength factor than FeCl3, while TiCl4 coagulant yielded the flocs with the highest recovery factor. This study indicates that Ti-based coagulants are effective and promising coagulants for the treatment of CMWW