A framework for regulating microfinance institutions : the experience in Ghana and the Philippines

An earlier Policy Research Working Paper (Hennie van Greuning, Joselito Gallardo, and Bikki Randhawa,"A Framework for Regulating Microfinance Institutions,"WPS 2061, February 1999) presented a regulatory framework that identifies thresholds in financial intermediation activities that trigger a requirement for a microfinance institution to satisfy external or mandatory guidelines-a tiered approach to regulation and prudential supervision. The model focuses on risk-taking activities of microfinance institutions that must be managed and prudentially regulated. The author reports on the results of the field testing and assessment of the tiered approach, focusing on the experience of Ghana and the Philippines. The two countries both have a wide range of informal, semi-formal, and formal institutions providing financial services to the poor, but differ in how they regulate financial intermediation activities by microfinance providers. In his assessment and a comparative analysis, the author focuses on key issues in the regulatory and supervisory environment for microfinance-and in the legal system and judicial processes-being addressed by government authorities and microfinance stakeholders in both countries. He gives particular attention to the thresholds at which intermediation activities become subject to prudential regulation and regulatory standards for capitalization and capital adequacy, asset quality and provisioning for nonperforming loans, and liquidity management. seeks to identify the key elements and characteristics of the microfinance regulatory experience of Ghana and the Philippines and to draw the lessons that may be useful for other countries interested in establishing a regulatory environmentconducive to the development of sustainable microfinance institutions. The experience of Ghana and the Philippines shows that a transparent, inclusive regulatory framework is indispensable for enabling microfinance institutions to maintain market specialization and to pursue institutional development that leads to sustainability. Clear pathways for institutional transformation facilitate the integration of microfinance institutions into the formal financial system.Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Banks&Banking Reform,Rural Finance,Financial Intermediation,Decentralization,Banks&Banking Reform,Rural Finance,Financial Intermediation,Governance Indicators,Poverty Assessment

A framework for regulating microfinance institutions

The continuum of institutions providing microfinance cannot develop fully without a regulatory environment conducive to their growth. Without such an environment, fragmentation and segmentation will continue to inhibit the institutional transformation of microfinance institutions. The authors recommend a tiered approach to external regulations, one that takes into account the different types of microfinance institutions, the products they offer, and the markets they service. A tiered approach canbe useful in designing regulatory standards that recognize the basic differences in structure of capital, funding, and risks faced by different kinds of microfinance institutions. The model they develop for a regulatory framework identifies thresholds of financial intermediation activities, thresholds that trigger the requirement that an institution satisfy external or mandatory regulatory guidelines. It focuses on risk-taking activities that must be managed and regulated. They illustrate the usefulness of the model by practically applying prudential considerations to various categories and values of financial risk for each of three broad categories of microfinance institution: 1) Those that depend on other peoples'money (such as donor or public sector funding). 2) Those that depend on members'money. 3) Those that leverage the general public's money to fund microfinance loans. For each category, the model highlights: 1) The observed value ranges for selected indicators of financial risk. 2) Recommended ranges of value suitable for consideration under internal governance. 3) Suggested threshold values that indicate the need for external regulation. A transparent, inclusive framework for regulation will preserve the market specialties of different types of microfinance institutions - and will promote their ultimate integration into the formal financial system. One example of the kind of regulation the authors recommend: Require standard registration documents and procedures - no different from those required of regular corporations - including the designation of a central government agency with which they should register as corporate entities.Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Banks&Banking Reform,Financial Intermediation,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Financial Intermediation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Rural Finance,Insurance&Risk Mitigation

Comparative review of microfinance regulatory framework issues in Benin, Ghana, and Tanzania

The authors investigate the microfinance regulatory regimes in Benin, Ghana, and Tanzania, with a view to identifying key issues and lessons on how the overall regulatory framework affects integration of microfinance institutions into the financial system. The authors find that recognizing different tiers of both regulated and unregulated institutions in a financial structure facilitates financial deepening and outreach to otherwise underserved groups in urban and rural areas. That environment promotes sustainable microfinance under shared performance standards and encourages regulatory authorities to develop appropriate prudential regulations and staff capacity. Case studies of the three countries raise important issues on promoting microfinance development vis-à-vis regulating them. Laws to regulate activities other than intermediation of public deposits into loans can result in disproportionately restrictive and unmanageable standards, even as dynamic microfinance sectors have emerged without conducive regulatory regimes. The authors use the three countries'regulatory experiences to highlight the importance of differentiating when prudential supervision is warranted and when regulatory oversight suffices, and to identify the agencies to carry out regulation. They address an important issue that has received scant attention, measuring and paying for the costs of regulating microfinance, and the need to build technical capacity of supervisory and regulatory staff.Banks&Banking Reform,Rural Finance,Financial Intermediation,Microfinance,Private Participation in Infrastructure

La influencia de la cátedra de Humanismo integral en el perfil de los estudiantes de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil. Elaboración del micro currículo para el primer ciclo del año 2014.

El Humanismo se ha convertido ya en un paradigma dentro de los modelos pedagógicos en la educación superior desde la modernidad y es fuente y parte estructural de la filosofía de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil (Consejo Universitario, 2013 ). La pedagogía contemporánea no debe orientarse solo por principios y modelos pedagógicos que den eficientes profesionales en la ciencia y la tecnología, sino debe ir hacia lo esencial, la transformación profunda del perfil de egresado de la UCSG. Un ser humano profundamente convencido en su identidad humana y cristiana con la misión de realizarse y transformar la sociedad dignificando ante todo la persona, humanizando esa misma ciencia y tecnología, cumpliendo el mandato que Dios dio al hombre de embellecer y poblar la tierra. Este trabajo exhorta la importancia vital que tiene el incorporar la cátedra de humanismo integral no solo como una de las materias del área humanista sino y sobre todo como el eje transversal de la formación profesional de todos los estudiantes de la UCSG. La UCSG asume el reto de ser líder y pionera de la formación humanística en el Ecuador y en Latinoamérica, está por tanto urgida a desarrollar dentro de sus mallas curriculares un espacio específico para el pensamiento antropológico, filosófico, trascendental del sentido del hombre en el mundo, de su misión, de su identidad como ser creado para dignificarse y dignificar a los demás con su aporte profesional. En el presente estudio se analiza la importancia del humanismo desde sus orígenes, en la educación superior, para luego presentar la propuesta de un Syllabus para la creación de la cátedra de humanismo integral I para los estudiantes del primer ciclo del año 2014 para todas las carreras de la UCSG

Modelo geológico de mina phoenix 5 utilizando perforación diamantina, Huarmey – Perú.

El proyecto de investigación se realizó en la unidad minera Phoenix 5, que está ubicada en el distrito de Culebras, provincia de Huarmey, departamento de Áncash. Se caracteriza por presentar dos tipos de litologías, una roca intrusiva gabrodiorítica, diorítica perteneciente al Batolito de la Costa de la Súper unidad Santa Rosa y una secuencia de rocas volcano-clásticas andesíticas del Grupo Casma de la Formación Juncos del Cretácico inferior. Estas rocas en contacto (volcánico-intrusivo) y asociando la geología estructural ha generado zonas favorables para el emplazamiento de un lente mineralizado con un azimut 270° y un buzamiento 32° tipo manto y cuyos tenores son altos en oro 25ppm. y cobre 3%. Para determinar la profundización y extensión de esta forma de yacimiento se realizó una exploración brownfield basado en perforación diamantina con taladros infill de hasta 45m. en línea XRP y con taladros largos de más de 100m. en línea BQ. Se realizó el logueo geológico para los 8 sondajes propuestos, determinando estructuras mineralizadas tanto el principal MANTO VIRGINIA como split al techo y piso, pero con espesores reducidos menores a 30cm. determinándose así los bordes de la mineralización al lado oeste en extensión longitudinal como al norte en profundidad

ICAI on MACCOMS: Technical manual

Executive Summary. MACiCAI is an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) that was made for the DLSU CCS IT core subject, MACCOMS. MACCOMS is the Accounting course especially designed to help IT students gain an advantage over other CS students from other institutions. With this in mind, MACiCAI is meant to supplement instruction in the course by providing an extension of instructional services that can be offered to students. It is however, still a long way from the quality of human instructors, and at this point it is hard to see that the technology will ever come close. However, the ITS still has merits as it explores the possibility of individualizing instruction in MACCOMS. Further research is recommended in this area as it is still quite promising

ICAO on MACCOMS MACiCAI

MACiCAI is an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) that was made for the DLSU CCS IT core subject, MACCOMS. MACCOMS is the Accounting course especially designed to help IT students gain an advantage over other CS students from other institutions. With this in mind, MACiCAI is meant to supplement instruction in the course by providing an extension of instructional services that can be offered to students. It is however, still a long way from the quality of human instructors, and at this point it is hard to see that the technology will ever come close. However, the ITS still has merits as it explores the possibility of individualizing instruction in MACCOMS. Further research is recommended in this area as it is still quite promising