Utjecaj hipotermije i acidoze na neke pokazatelje zgrušavanja krvi u tijeku tri postupka anestezije u pasa

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of hypothermia and acidosis on blood coagulation in different anaesthesia protocols. Our experiment was performed with 28 dogs, divided into four groups: three experimental submitted to inhalation, balanced, and epidural anaesthesia and one control. In all animals blood pH, core body temperature and some principal parameters of blood coagulation (platelet count, activated partial prothrombine time-APPT, prothrombine time-PT and plasma fibrinogen concentrations) were investigated. The dynamics included five periods; prior to anaesthesia (0th minute), at the time of pre-medication (30th minute), during deep anaesthesia (120th minute), after recovery (about 140th minute), and on the next day (24th hour). The results indicated that the most significant were changes in balanced anaesthesia. APPT was shortened after recovery from balanced anaesthesia (14.1 ± 0.9 seconds, P<0.05) and on the next day (14.5 ± 0.7, P<0.05) compared to the initial value (16.1 ± 0.5). The most pronounced acidosis in this group was recorded during deep anaesthesia (7.126 ± 0.041, P<0.001) and after recovery (7.241 ± 0.028, P<0.05) by comparison with the baseline (7.312 ± 0.008). Parameters of blood coagulation in inhalation anaesthesia group were unchanged. Statistically significant alterations in blood pH were observed only during the deep anaesthesia stage (7.199 ± 0.049, P<0.01) compared to the beginning (7.316 ± 0.006). Epidural anaesthesia did not result in blood pH and coagulation changes. In this group an increase in fibrinogen concentrations at 24th hour (3.7 ± 0.2, P<0.05) were found, compared to the baseline (3.1 ± 0.2), which was probably due to the intervention. In the three groups the core body temperature was decreased at the 120th minute and 140th minute. In conclusion, balanced anaesthesia activated blood coagulation at the 140th minute and 24th hour, which was manifested by a shortening in APPT at these periods. Hypothermia and acidosis accompanying balanced and inhalation anaesthesia groups, as well as hypothermia in epidural anaesthesia had no influence upon blood coagulation parameters.Cilj rada bio je istražiti utjecaj hipotermije i acidoze na zgrušavanje krvi pri različitim postupcima anestezije. U pokus je uzeto 28 pasa podijeljenih u četiri skupine. Jedna od pokusnih skupina bila je izložena inhalacijskoj, druga uravnoteženoj, a treća epiduralnoj anesteziji, dok je četvrta bila kontrolna skupina. U svih životinja izmjeren je pH krvi, tjelesna temperatura i neki glavni pokazatelji zgrušavanja krvi (broj trombocita, aktivacijsko parcijalno protrombinsko vrijeme - APPV, protrombinsko vrijeme - PV i koncentracija fibrinogena u plazmi). Kretanje pretraživanih pokazatelja promatrano je u vremenu prije anestezije (0. minuta), u trenutku premedikacije (30. minuta), u tijeku duboke anestezije (120. minuta), nakon oporavka (oko 140. minute) i sljedećeg dana (nakon 24 sata). Najznačajnije promjene ustanovljene su u tijeku uravnotežene anestezije. Pri toj anesteziji APPV je u usporedbi s početnim vrijednostima (16,1 ± 0,5) bio skraćen nakon oporavka (14,1 ± 0,9 sekundi; P<0,05) i sljedećeg dana (14,5 ± 0,7; P<0,05). U usporedbi s početnom vrijednošću (7,312 ± 0,008), najizraženija acidoza u toj skupini bila je utvrđena u tijeku duboke anestezije (7,126 ± 0,041; P<0,001) i nakon oporavka (7,241 ± 0,028; P<0,05). Pokazatelji zgrušavanja krvi u skupini pasa izloženih inhalacijskoj anesteziji nisu bili promijenjeni. Statistički značajne promjene u pH krvi utvrđene su samo u tijeku duboke anestezije (7,199 ± 0,049; P<0,01) u usporedbi s početnim vrijednostima (7,316 ± 0,006). Epiduralna anestezija nije uzrokovala promjene u pH i zgrušavanju krvi. U skupini pasa s tom anestezijom ustanovljeno je povećanje koncentracije fibrinogena nakon 24 sata (3,7 ± 0,2; P<0,05) u usporedbi s početnim vrijednostima (3,1 ± 0,2), što se pripisuje samom zahvatu. Tjelesna temperatura bila je smanjena u 120. i 140. minuti u životinja pokusnih skupina. Zaključno se može reći da je uravnotežena anestezija potaknula zgrušavanje krvi u 140. minuti i nakon 24 sata, što se očitovalo skraćenjem APPV. Hipotermija i acidoza u skupinama s uravnoteženom i inhalacijskom anesteziojm, kao i hipotermija u skupini s epiduralnom anestezijom, nisu utjecale na pokazatelje zgrušavanja krvi

Влияние на биовъглен върху добив от царевица и микробиална активност при Алувиално- ливадна почва

A three-year field experiment with maize was carried out on fluvisol. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biochar on maize yield at different levels of water stress and its effect on the amount of soil microorganisms. The following variants were studied: control with no biochar addition, and variants with biochar. Biochar was applied in 2 t/ha in 2016, produced by pyrolysis of rice straw, then in 3 t/ha in 2017 and 10 t/ha in 2018, both obtained by pyrolysis of oak bark. These variants were divided into three more depending on the irrigation regime: i.e. non-irrigated, irrigation at dT>0 °C, and irrigation at dT0 и поливен при dT<-1. Установено е, че при неполивни условия, ефектът на биовъглена по отношение на добива от царевица не се проявява и през трите години от добавянето му в почвата. Доказано е, че при условията на поливен воден режим, когато поливките са съобразени с водния стрес на растенията, по-високи добиви от царевицата се получават през третата година, когато и внасянето на биовъглена в почвата е в най-голямо количество (10 t/ha). При това, колкото по-скоро (при по-нисък воден стрес dT<-1) са подадени поливките, толкова по-висок е добивът. Почвената влажност се изменя по-бавно при вариантите с биовъглен като най добри стойности на температурната разлика са получени при поливка при dT<-1 през 2018 година. Направената оценка показва, че влиянието на биовъглена е значително по-голямо върху почвената микрофлора. Най-силно изразен стимулиращ ефект на биовъглена е получен спрямо бактериалните популации

Prediction of outcome in polytrauma canine patients

A retrospective study of 45 polytrauma patients was conducted in order to identify clinical and laboratory parameters with a prognostic value regarding the outcome. All data had been received from medical records. Twenty seven of dogs survived and were discharged from the hospital while the remaining 18 died and thus two groups were formed (survivals and nonsurvivals). Relationships between signalments, clinical, and laboratory parameters and outcomes were evaluated by means of logistic regression analysis. Based on the variables with the most significant influence upon mortality a new survival prediction scoring system was suggested

The Pharmacist`s Responsibility in Reversing Drug-Induced Nutrient Depletion

Introduction: At present, it is commonly known that inadequate dietary intake can result in deficiencies of minerals and vitamins. Despite that, it is still less appreciated that pharmaceutical agents also have a negative impact on nutrients through a variety of mechanisms. Nowadays, this problem is on the rise especially for susceptible patients and/or patients on long-term medication therapy.Materials and Methods: An analysis of scientific web databases on the problem was performed and different lessons designed for continuing education for pharmacists were reviewed. On the basis of the analyzed lessons a questionnaire was created and conducted in Varna with the objective of displaying the practicing pharmacists` awareness of drug-induced nutrient depletion.Results: The overview of literature resources shows that drug-induced nutrient depletion is a rising problem. Special attention when consulting at the pharmacy should be paid to geriatric, cancer patients and patients with diabetes, obese or patients on weight loss programs. Some of the most used medications that negatively impact one`s nutrient status are the following - antacids, anticonvulsants, diuretics, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, cholesterol-lowering drugs (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), estrogen-based replacement products. Survey results show that pharmacists are very knowledgeable about the impact of antibiotics on our gastrointestinal microbiota and reversing it, but their acquaintance with the negative effects of other medications on one`s nutrient status is uncertain.Conclusion: Living in years of deteriorated nutritional value of healthy food as well in addition to unhealthy food and chronic diseases, drug-induced nutrient depletion is an additional complication that should not be ignored. This is why, it is advisable for the studied issue to be included in future lessons for continuing education for pharmacists in Bulgaria

Horse serum potentiates cellular viability and improves indomethacin-induced adipogenesis in equine subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs)

ABSTRACTSubcutaneous fat tissue is an accessible and abundant source of multipotent stem cells for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. Successful trilineage differentiation is required to define the stemness features of the obtained mesenchymal cells, and adipogenesis is a part of it. Since indomethacin is bound to serum albumin, replacing foetal bovine serum (FBS) with horse serum (HS) in adipogenic induction protocols would suppress its cytotoxic effect and reveal a better adipogenic potential in equine MSCs. The equine subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were separately induced in adipogenesis by three different concentrations of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, IBMX (0.5 mM; 0.25 mM and 0.1 mM) and indomethacin (0.1 mM; 0.05 mM and 0.02 mM) for 48 h. In contrast to the IBMX, indomethacin in all concentrations caused dramatic cellular detachment. Further, the same induction concentrations were used in FBS and HS conditions for adipogenic induction. The MTT assay revealed that the culture media supplemented with HS raised cellular vitality by about 35% compared to those cultured in FBS. Based on those results, an adipogenic cocktail containing indomethacin (0.05 mM) and IBMX (0.5 mM), supplemented with HS and FBS, respectively, was applied for 18 days. The adiponectin gene expression was significantly up-regulated in HS-supplemented media since established changes in PPAR-gamma were insignificant. The tri-lineage differentiation was successful, and a cross-sectional area of adipocytes was performed. The albumin concentration was higher in HS than in FBS. In conclusion, our study revealed that HS is an appropriate supplement in induced adipogenesis since it probably suppresses the indomethacin-related cytotoxic effect and increases adipogenic ability in equine subcutaneous ASCs

Utjecaj hipotermije i acidoze na neke pokazatelje zgrušavanja krvi u tijeku tri postupka anestezije u pasa

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of hypothermia and acidosis on blood coagulation in different anaesthesia protocols. Our experiment was performed with 28 dogs, divided into four groups: three experimental submitted to inhalation, balanced, and epidural anaesthesia and one control. In all animals blood pH, core body temperature and some principal parameters of blood coagulation (platelet count, activated partial prothrombine time-APPT, prothrombine time-PT and plasma fibrinogen concentrations) were investigated. The dynamics included five periods; prior to anaesthesia (0th minute), at the time of pre-medication (30th minute), during deep anaesthesia (120th minute), after recovery (about 140th minute), and on the next day (24th hour). The results indicated that the most significant were changes in balanced anaesthesia. APPT was shortened after recovery from balanced anaesthesia (14.1 ± 0.9 seconds, P<0.05) and on the next day (14.5 ± 0.7, P<0.05) compared to the initial value (16.1 ± 0.5). The most pronounced acidosis in this group was recorded during deep anaesthesia (7.126 ± 0.041, P<0.001) and after recovery (7.241 ± 0.028, P<0.05) by comparison with the baseline (7.312 ± 0.008). Parameters of blood coagulation in inhalation anaesthesia group were unchanged. Statistically significant alterations in blood pH were observed only during the deep anaesthesia stage (7.199 ± 0.049, P<0.01) compared to the beginning (7.316 ± 0.006). Epidural anaesthesia did not result in blood pH and coagulation changes. In this group an increase in fibrinogen concentrations at 24th hour (3.7 ± 0.2, P<0.05) were found, compared to the baseline (3.1 ± 0.2), which was probably due to the intervention. In the three groups the core body temperature was decreased at the 120th minute and 140th minute. In conclusion, balanced anaesthesia activated blood coagulation at the 140th minute and 24th hour, which was manifested by a shortening in APPT at these periods. Hypothermia and acidosis accompanying balanced and inhalation anaesthesia groups, as well as hypothermia in epidural anaesthesia had no influence upon blood coagulation parameters.Cilj rada bio je istražiti utjecaj hipotermije i acidoze na zgrušavanje krvi pri različitim postupcima anestezije. U pokus je uzeto 28 pasa podijeljenih u četiri skupine. Jedna od pokusnih skupina bila je izložena inhalacijskoj, druga uravnoteženoj, a treća epiduralnoj anesteziji, dok je četvrta bila kontrolna skupina. U svih životinja izmjeren je pH krvi, tjelesna temperatura i neki glavni pokazatelji zgrušavanja krvi (broj trombocita, aktivacijsko parcijalno protrombinsko vrijeme - APPV, protrombinsko vrijeme - PV i koncentracija fibrinogena u plazmi). Kretanje pretraživanih pokazatelja promatrano je u vremenu prije anestezije (0. minuta), u trenutku premedikacije (30. minuta), u tijeku duboke anestezije (120. minuta), nakon oporavka (oko 140. minute) i sljedećeg dana (nakon 24 sata). Najznačajnije promjene ustanovljene su u tijeku uravnotežene anestezije. Pri toj anesteziji APPV je u usporedbi s početnim vrijednostima (16,1 ± 0,5) bio skraćen nakon oporavka (14,1 ± 0,9 sekundi; P<0,05) i sljedećeg dana (14,5 ± 0,7; P<0,05). U usporedbi s početnom vrijednošću (7,312 ± 0,008), najizraženija acidoza u toj skupini bila je utvrđena u tijeku duboke anestezije (7,126 ± 0,041; P<0,001) i nakon oporavka (7,241 ± 0,028; P<0,05). Pokazatelji zgrušavanja krvi u skupini pasa izloženih inhalacijskoj anesteziji nisu bili promijenjeni. Statistički značajne promjene u pH krvi utvrđene su samo u tijeku duboke anestezije (7,199 ± 0,049; P<0,01) u usporedbi s početnim vrijednostima (7,316 ± 0,006). Epiduralna anestezija nije uzrokovala promjene u pH i zgrušavanju krvi. U skupini pasa s tom anestezijom ustanovljeno je povećanje koncentracije fibrinogena nakon 24 sata (3,7 ± 0,2; P<0,05) u usporedbi s početnim vrijednostima (3,1 ± 0,2), što se pripisuje samom zahvatu. Tjelesna temperatura bila je smanjena u 120. i 140. minuti u životinja pokusnih skupina. Zaključno se može reći da je uravnotežena anestezija potaknula zgrušavanje krvi u 140. minuti i nakon 24 sata, što se očitovalo skraćenjem APPV. Hipotermija i acidoza u skupinama s uravnoteženom i inhalacijskom anesteziojm, kao i hipotermija u skupini s epiduralnom anestezijom, nisu utjecale na pokazatelje zgrušavanja krvi

The safety of herbal medicine: myth or reality

IntroductionThe use of herbal medicines continues to expand rapidly. Many people now take herbal medicines or herbal products for their health in different cases due to their low price and better compatibility with the human body. They are also regarded as minimal risk in terms of side effects, although researches on herbal medicine safety are still not broad or deep enough. Unfortunately, there are limited available published data regarding the potential toxicity of a variety of plant substances commonly used in herbal drugs.Aim The aim of this paper is to review safety issues associated with the use of herbal products.Materials and Methods We used the following web databases - Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Results More and more reports have been documenting the apparent increasing popularity of herbal medicines. Although many popular herbal products are thought to be safe, a lot of unexpected effects of some of them are already described in the literature. Both minor and major toxicities have been determined, including emesis, hypersensitivity reactions, cardiovascular events, neurological dysfunction, hepatic and renal failure, and also development of malignant disease.Conclusion Our research shows the importance of pharmacists being aware of what nonprescription herbal medications their patients are taking and being informed of the potential side and toxic effects of these agents

Phytotherapy in the Management of Menopause-Associated Vasomotor Symptoms

Introduction: Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation for at least 12 consecutive months which results from the loss of ovarian follicular activity. Although it is a normal and natural part of aging occurring on average at age of 51 years, most menopausal women develop symptoms, which may deteriorate their quality of life for around one third of their life span (given the mean female life expectancy in Bulgaria of 78 years). The most common complaints are the vasomotor symptoms (VMS: hot flashes and night sweats). Hormone therapy was the gold standard of care for menopausal symptoms before the release of the Women`s Health Initiative. Afterwards, women became reluctant or anxious to use hormone therapy and sought natural non-hormonal alternatives.Materials and Methods: An analysis of accessible articles in scientific web databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar) on the problem was conducted. Collected data considering evidence in alleviating vasomotor symptoms by popular herbal remedies was further reviewed and summarized.Results: Botanical supplements are considered to act through a number of different mechanisms of action including estrogenic, progestogenic, and/or serotonergic pathways that might mimic the actions of endogenous substances. But clinical studies of the main herbal drugs used to alleviate vasomotor symptoms either did not suggest significant efficacy (as not being superior to placebo) or were limited, and inconsistent, or show different improvements: in well-being, depression, health scores. Thus, patients should be informed to be cautious of possible side effects notwithstanding the general perception of that something is safe if it is of natural origin. In case of adverse reactions, women should be referred to specialists for reconsideration of their therapy.Conclusion: To conclude, as the evidence for phytotherapeutic menopausal VMS relief is both scarce and unconvincing, there is definitely a continued need for further work on the effectiveness and long-term safety of herbal medicinal products

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provoke a specific transcriptional profile in rabbit adipose-derived stem cells in vitro

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) possess multipotent properties, and their proper functionality is essential for further development of metabolic disorders. In the current study, we explored the impact of two n-3 LC-PUFAs (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, DHA-docosahexaenoic; C22:6, and EPA-eicosapentaenoic; C20:5) on a specific profile of lipolytic-related gene expressions in the in vitro-differentiated subcutaneous and visceral ADSCs from rabbits. The subcutaneous and visceral ADSCs were obtained from 28-day-old New Zealand rabbits. The primary cells were cultured up to passage 4 and were induced for adipogenic differentiation. Thereafter, the differentiated cells were treated with 100 µg EPA or DHA for 48 hr. The total mRNA was isolated and target genes expression evaluated by real-time RCR. The results demonstrated that treatment of rabbit ADSCs with n-3 PUFAs significantly enhanced mRNA expression of Perilipin A, while the upregulation of leptin and Rab18 genes was seen mainly in ADSCs from visceral adipose tissue. Moreover, the EPA significantly enhanced PEDF (Pigment Derived Epithelium Factor) mRNA expression only in visceral cells. Collectively, the results suggest activation of an additional lipolysis pathway most evident in visceral cells. The data obtained in our study indicate that in vitro EPA up-regulates the mRNA expression of the studied lipolysis-associated genes stronger than DHA mainly in visceral rabbit ADSCs. Eкaterina Vackova1| Darko Bosnakovski2| Bodil Bjørndal3| Penka Yonkova4|Natalia Grigorova1| Zhenya Ivanova1| Georgi Penchev4| Galina Simeonova5|Lyuba Miteva6| Anelya Milanova1| Tatyana Vachkova7| Spaska Stanilova6|Ivan Penchev Georgie