Effect of Standard Treatment Guidelines with or without Prescription Audit on Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) and Diarrhoea in some Thana Health Complexes (THCs) of Bangladesh

Inappropriate prescribing for ARI and diarrhoea is a serious health problem in many developing countries including Bangladesh. A baseline retrospective prescribing survey for ARI and diarrhoea have been conducted in randomly selected 60 thana health complexes (THCs) of Dhaka division of Bangladesh. In the 38 of 60 THCs, the prescribers did not comply with the standard treatment guidelines (STG) for ARI. They are marked as \u27unsatisfactory performers\u27. In these THCs unnecessary antibiotics were prescribed in more than 50% of the encounters. The study further revealed that in 26 THCs, comprising 41.6% of the 38 THCs, the situation was even worse regarding the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In these THCs antibiotics were prescribed in \u3e or =72% of the encounters. For diarrhoea, only in 8.3% of the THCs antibiotics were prescribed in \u3e or =50% of the encounters. Encouragingly, most of the prescribers prescribed ORS. So the diarrhoea cases were dropped from the intervention. The 24 out of 26 worse performing THCs for ARI management, were grouped into three groups: Group-I (implementing STG+ Audit), Group-II (STG) and Group-III (no intervention, control). The prescribers of the THCs belonging to Group-I and Group-II received STG+Audit and STG only respectively as intervention(s). On the contrary, the prescribers of the THCs of Group-III (control) did not receive any intervention. It was observed that after the implementation of interventions the use of the unnecessary antibiotics to treat ARI was significantly reduced (p\u3c0.01) compared to pre-intervention period in Group-I (STG+Audit). In this group highly significant (p\u3c0.000) reduction in antibiotics use was achieved in 6 out of 8 THCs. The average reduction in antibiotic use in terms of encounters was 23.7 and 15.2% in the Group-I and Group-II respectively owing to the intervention(s). Significant reduction in antibiotic use in terms of THCs was 3 (out of 8 THCs) and 2 (out of 8 THCs) belonging to the Group-II and Group-III respectively. When compensated for the change in the control group, the reduction of antibiotic use in terms of encounters was 15.2 and 6.9% in the THCs of the Group-I and Group-II respectively due to introduction of the interventions. The study concludes that STG supported by prescription audit are highly effective interventions to change the prescribing behaviour of the prescribers for ARI in the THCs

Effect of Addition Different Levels of Parsley Leaves Powder (petroselinum sativum) to the Ration on Some Blood Serum Biochemical Traits of Broiler Ross 308

This study was conducted at Poultry Farm of Animal Resources Dept., College of Agriculture, University of AL-Qasim Green to investigate Study the effect of addition different levels of Parsley leaves powder (petroselinum sativum) to the ration on some blood serum biochemical traits of broiler Ross 308. Use the 180 broiler chicks Ross 308 day-old were randomly assigned to four treatments (by 3 replicates per treatment 15 chicks per replicate), and treatments were as follows : Treatment for the first (control) without adding Parsley leaves powder into the ration, the second treatment: Add Parsley leaves powder by 500 mg / kg feed, third-treatment: Add Parsley leaves powder by a 1000 mg / kg feed and treatment fourth: Add Parsley leaves powder  by a 1500 mg / kg feed. The experiment included a study of the following characteristics : total protein concentration, albumin, globulin and the concentration of glucose . The results indicated that the addition of Parsley leaves by  1000  and 1500 mg / kg feed to broiler diet led to a significant improvement ) p<0.05( in total protein concentration, albumin, and globulin and significant decrease) p<0.05  (in concentration of glucose .It concluded from this experience, that the addition of Parsley leaves by 1000  and 1500 mg / kg feed to the ration can lead to improve in some blood serum biochemical traits of broiler Ross 308. Keywords: Parsley Leaves powder, blood serum biochemical traits, broile

When Eye-Tracking Meets Cognitive Modeling: Applications to Cyber Security Systems

Human cognitive modeling techniques and related software tools have been widely used by researchers and practitioners to evaluate the effectiveness of user interface (UI) designs and related human performance. However, they are rarely used in the cyber security field despite the fact that human factors have been recognized as a key element for cyber security systems. For a cyber security system involving a relatively complicated UI, it could be difficult to build a cognitive model that accurately captures the different cognitive tasks involved in all user interactions. Using a moderately complicated user authentication system as an example system and CogTool as a typical cognitive modeling tool, this paper aims to provide insights into the use of eye-tracking data for facilitating human cognitive modeling of cognitive tasks more effectively and accurately. We used visual scan paths extracted from an eye-tracking user study to facilitate the design of cognitive modeling tasks. This allowed us to reproduce some insecure human behavioral patterns observed in some previous lab-based user studies on the same system, and more importantly, we also found some unexpected new results about human behavior. The comparison between human cognitive models with and without eye-tracking data suggests that eye-tracking data can provide useful information to facilitate the process of human cognitive modeling as well as to achieve a better understanding of security-related human behaviors. In addition, our results demonstrated that cyber security research can benefit from a combination of eye-tracking and cognitive modeling to study human behavior related security problems