70 research outputs found
CONSTITUITVE HOLDERS AND DEFINITION OF MINORITIES IN THE HUNGARIAN AND MACEDONIAN CASE
The paper presents a comparative analysis of the legal regulations in the Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonia) and the Republic of Hungary related to state foundation, constitutive holders and definition of minorities. Considering that both countries have populations of different ethnic backgrounds, a comparison is made to examine how minorities issues are regulated and whether they are part of the state constitution.The comparative analysis reveals differences in terms of the history of state formation, constitutive documents and legal acts related to the protection of minorities. However, similarities exist in the utilization of the ethnic element in definition of constitutive holders
GEOPOLITICAL ASPECT OF DEFENCE POLICY AND THE MILITARY FORCES OF ISRAEL, SINGAPORE AND REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
The subject of this research is the military readiness of Israel, Singapore and Republic ofMacedonia and its geopolitical contribution. The following analysis takes into consideration:geographic location, the multicultural character of the population and neighboring policiesregarding the constitution of these countries and their impact on building of internationalrelations. The aim of the study is to discover how these characteristics and situations affect thecreation of countriesβ defense policies and how much the power of military forces contributesto the stateβs geopolitical importance at the international level
THE UKRAINIAN QUESTION AND BALANCE OF POWER
The subject of analysis in this paper is Russian-Ukrainian relations and their effect on thebalance of power. The first part of the paper gives a brief historical overview of the alliancesformed after the collapse of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact. The second part is dedicated toRussian-Ukrainian relations. The third part gives a brief overview of international politicsin the post-cold period, while the fourth part provides conclusive views on the effect of theUkrainian issue on the balance of power
Geopolitical aspects of defense policy and the military forces of Israel, Singapore and Republic of Macedonia
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ·ΡΠ°Π΅Π», Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°ΠΏΡΡ ΠΈ
Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π°
Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄: Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ±Π°, ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°
Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ
ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π°
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π±Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²
Rule of law and use of state and minority symbols in Macedonian and Serbian case
The rule of law implies that all individuals, as subjects of the law, are equal before the law in terms of their rights and obligations, as well as in the limitations imposed on certain behaviors. This equality and these limitations should not discriminate on any national, religious, gender or official basis. The subject of this paper is an comparative analysis of the rule of law in N. Macedonia (Macedonia) and Serbia conducted through an examination of the implementation of constitutional and legal regulations regarding the use of state symbols and community symbols. The purpose of the research is to determine whether the application of these principles is in accordance with the rule of law. Practice shows that the rule of law is not always fully implemented in the two cases. The use of official duties and free willingness of individuals can be considered among the causes of non-compliance with the rule of law. In the conclusion, two evaluations are provided: one regarding the adequacy of the existing regulation and the other suggesting possible future solutions that would be in accordance with the rule of la
ΠΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ (ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ)
ΠΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ, (ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π²ΠΎ
Ρ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π°), ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡ, Π°
ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ
ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅
Π²ΡΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π» Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½
ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ
ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ²Π½Π° Π²ΠΎ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°
Π Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ΅
ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° (Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π° ΠΎΠ΄ 1995 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ 2018 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° (ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠ°), ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° (ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ°) ΠΈ Π΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°
Π½Π° ΠΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ: Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΅Π΄Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° (Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ), ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π° ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π° Π΅Π΄Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ
ΠΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π·Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π», Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π±ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π° Π°ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ (ΠΠ Π), Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅: ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ (Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ), Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π°ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ
ΠΡ ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎ-Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, 20 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π²ΠΎ 1991 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎ-Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΎ 2001 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ²Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ ΠΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎ-Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ 2005 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ£, Π²ΠΎ 2008 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° Π΄Π° Π²Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠΠ’Π, Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ . ΠΠ° 27 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠΠ’Π, Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΠ Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ° Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎ-Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΡ
ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ, Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, Π΅Π²ΡΠΎ-Π°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°.
Macedonia became an independent state in 1991 and since its independence has declared its Euro-Atlantic membership aspiration, adapting to the criteria and conditions that emerged from this process. Ten years after its independence, an armed conflict erupted in 2001, which ended with signing of the Ohrid Framework Agreement, which also became one of the basic conditions and criteria for measuring the country's progress in Euro-Atlantic integration. In 2005, the country received the status of a candidate for EU integration, in 2008 it was ready to join NATO, but due to the name dispute with Greece, that happened only after the signing of the Prespa Agreement. On March 27, 2020, Macedonia became a member of NATO, and the day before the European Council approved the decision of the Council to open accession negotiations. The purpose of this paper is to see how the OFAβs principles have contributed to the country's progress in the Euro-Atlantic process.
Keywords: Ohrid Framework Agreement, Republic of North Macedonia, multiculturalism, Euro-Atlantic integration, minority rights
The βVisegrad initiativeβ vis-Γ -vis βOpen Balkan initiativeβ in the process of European integration
Following the collapse of the communist regimes, in Central European countries, the belief that collaborative efforts could facilitate both social transformation and European integration, served as a key motivation for establishing of the Visegrad Group (V4), comprising of Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. In Southeastern Europe, given the war conflicts that occurred during the 1990s, in 1999, the EU Council initiated the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP) to encourage Western Balkans countries (WB) to cooperate among themselves and confirmed their eligibility for EU membership. After the V4 countries joined the EU, the Visegrad Declaration on cooperation in 2004 emphasized the idea of supporting the European integration of neighboring regions, including the Western Balkan region. From 2004 to the present day, the WB countries have applied for EU membership, and they have been granted EU candidate country status. In 2014 they became part of the Berlin process (BP) initiative and for three of them - Albania, North Macedonia (N. Macedonia) and Serbia β accession negotiations with EU have already been opened. These three countries launched the Mini Schengen initiative in 2019, which was transformed into Open Balkan initiative (OB3) in 2021. Since that both Visegrad and Open Balkan initiatives aim to enhance interstates cooperation and facilitate European integration process for their respective countries, the purpose of this paper is to consider the role of regional organizations and initiatives in accelerating the integration process, to examine whether the OB3 can draw valuable lessons from V4 experience and to elucidate how V4 supports the integration process of OB3
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