For people in their 20s, exploring education options can benefit their later careers, while job instability can be harmful

With economic instability and precarious work on the rise, career paths for young people as they enter adulthood have become increasingly complicated. Can young people still afford to ‘explore’ education and job opportunities in the early stages of their careers? In new research which surveys high schools seniors over 14 years, Nancy Galambos and Harvey Krahn find that fluctuating employment for those in their 20s is associated with poorer earnings later on. Fluctuating educational experiences, on the other hand, have no effect on young people’s eventual career outcomes

Parent and Adolescent Temperaments and the Quality of Parent-Adolescent Relations

Adolescent and parent temperaments as predictors of the quality of parent-adolescent relations were examined. Participants were 88 seventh-grade adolescents and their mothers and fathers. All three family members provided reports of their own levels of activity and adaptability. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents also reported on acceptance, psychological control, lax discipline, and conflict in the parent-adolescent dyad. Multivariate multiple regressions with follow-up univariate tests indicated a complex set of relations between adolescent and parent temperaments and parent-adolescent relations. In some cases, parent and adolescent temperaments interacted to predict specific aspects of parent-adolescent relations. There were also gender-of-parent and gender-of-adolescent differences in the associations between temperament and parent-adolescent relations. These results are consistent with the goodness-of-fit model of temperament

Temperament and maternal employment

This paper explores the relation between child temperament and maternal employment. We view this relation as a sample case of a more general model of person-context relations and we review the literature which has addressed this relation. Children possess different behavioral or temperamental characteristics which affect their interactions with their caregivers. In this regard, children possessing certain temperamental characteristics influence the behavior and attitudes of their employed mothers. In fact, research has shown that a child’s temperament may even influence the mother’s decision to be employed or not. Research has also appraised the behavioral outcomes that result for the child. For example, children whose temperaments are ccdifficultn show less optimal functioning than children whose temperaments are creasy). Methodological limitations of the research which explores the child temperamentmaternal employment link is discussed.RESUMO: 0 artigo explora a relação entre o temperamento do bebé e o emprego da mãe. Esta relação é analisada como um modelo de relações pessoa-contexto, sendo revista a literatura que aborda este assunto. As crianças possuem características comportamentais ou temperamentais diferentes que afectam as suas interacções com as pessoas que cuidam delas. De facto, a investigação existente já mostrou que o temperamento da criança pode mesmo influenciar a decisão da mãe para se empregar ou não. A investigação também avaliou OS resultados que este aspecto tem sobre o comportamento da criança. Por exemplo, as crianças com temperamento dificil revelam urn funcionamento menos óptimo do que as criancas «fáceis». São discutidas as limitações metodológicas da investigação que explora a ligação entre o temperamento da criança e o emprego da mãe

Estimating frequencies of emotions and actions: a web-based diary study

Mental health questionnaires often ask respondents to report how frequently they experience different emotions. We report two experiments designed to assess the accuracy of these reports and the strategies used to generate them. Each day for 2 weeks, participants in Experiment 1 filled out a web-based emotions-and-activities checklist. Then, they estimated the diary-period frequency of these emotions and activities and indicated how they generated each estimate. In Experiment 2, participants provided frequency estimates and strategy reports, but did not fill out the checklist. We found that (a) the frequency estimates were quite accurate for emotions and activities, (b) participants relied on memory-based strategies (enumeration and direct retrieval) when estimating activity frequencies, but (c) used self-knowledge strategies (personality beliefs and schematic inferences) somewhat more than memory strategies for emotions and (d) the relationship between strategy use and question type was unaffected by diary keeping. We conclude by considering practical and theoretical implications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55948/1/1303_ftp.pd

Culture and conceptions of adulthood.

Common themes and variations across the studies in the previous chapters are considered, with a focus on how culture influences conceptions of what it means to be an adult

Cambios en el nivel de ingresos, perspectivas de los padres sobre las condiciones de vida familiar y expectativas de éxito profesional de los hijos adolescentes.

The present investigation examines the relationship between changes in income in the early 1980s, the outlook that parents have about their general life situation, and the extent to which adolescents expect to attain job success. In a sample of 112 West German families, correlations showed that income loss was associated with pessimistic life outlooks in fathers and mothers. The father�s pessimism was highly related to the mother�s pessimism and to the adolescent daughter�s lower job success expectancy. Path analytic procedures were used to model a process in which income loss leads to parental pessimism, and the father�s pessimism, in turn, leads to lowered job success espectancies among girls. The results suggest that income loss is a stressor that may disrupt family functioning. The vulnerability of the daughter and the role of the father in the socialization proccess are discussed.La presente investigación examina la relación entre los cambios en las rentas familiares habidos a comienzos de los años 80, la perspectiva que los padres adoptan con respecto a sus condiciones de vida globales y las expectativas de éxito profesional de los adolescentes. Las correlaciones halladas con una muestra de 112 familias germano-occidentales demostraron que un descenso del nivel de ingresos se halla asociado con una visión pesimista por parte de los padres y las madres. El pesimismo del padre se hallaba fuertemente asociado con el de la madre y con bajas expectativas de éxito profesional en las hijas adolescentes. Se emplearon procedimientos de análisis de vías con objeto de modelar un proceso en el que las pérdidas en la renta familiar provocan el pesimismo de los padres y el pesimismo del padre induce, a su vez, menores expectativas de éxito profesional entre las muchachas adolescentes. Los resultados vienen a indicar que el descenso en el nivel de ingresos es un factor estresante que puede repercutir negativamente sobre la vida familiar Por otra parte, se discute la vulnerabilidad de las hijas y el papel del padre en el proceso de socializació

Vulnerability, scar, or reciprocal risk? Temporal ordering of self-esteem and depressive symptoms over 25 years

Three models have been proposed to explain the temporal interrelation between self-esteem and symptoms of depression: vulnerability (self-esteem predicts future depressive symptoms), scar (depressive symptoms predict future self-esteem), and reciprocal risk (self-esteem and depressive symptoms predict each other in the future). This study tested these three models over 25 years in a sample of high school seniors surveyed six times from age 18 to 43 (n = 978) and in a separate sample of university graduates surveyed five times from age 23 to 30 (n = 589). In both samples, autoregressive cross-lagged modeling results were that self-esteem and symptoms of depression prospectively predicted each other at every measurement occasion. Additionally, the cross-lagged association from self-esteem to symptoms of depression and the corresponding link from depressive symptoms to future self-esteem were equally strong. These results provide support for the reciprocal risk model

Losing sleep over it: Daily variation in sleep quantity and quality in canadian students' first seme

Daily covariation of sleep quantity and quality with affective, stressful, academic, and social experiences were observed in a sample of Canadian 17-19-year-olds in their first year of university. Participants (N=191) completed web-based checklists for 14 consecutive days during their first semester. Multilevel models predicting sleep quantity and quality from daily experiences indicated that more time on schoolwork, expecting a test, and alcohol use predicted less sleep whereas socializing predicted more sleep. More positive affect and no alcohol use predicted better sleep quality. Models predicting daily experiences from sleep the night before indicated that less sleep preceded increases in negative affect, decreases in schoolwork time, and a higher likelihood of socializing. Better sleep quality preceded increased positive affect, decreased negative affect and stress, and less time on schoolwork. These data are informative for understanding relations between sleep and daily experiences as they occur naturally in first-year university students

Forecasting life and career satisfaction in midlife from young adult depressive symptoms

This 14-year, six-wave longitudinal study of 583 university graduates examined whether trajectories of depressive symptoms from age 23 to 30 predicted life and career satisfaction outcomes at age 37, after controlling for (a) time-varying associations of marriage and unemployment with depressive symptoms, (b) sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, parents' education), and (c) family and labor market experiences assessed at age 37 (marriage and divorce, raising children, income, spells of unemployment, occupational status). Net of the effects of all covariates, lower depressive symptoms at age 23 predicted higher life and career satisfaction at age 37, and steeper declines in depressive symptoms predicted higher life satisfaction. From age 23 to 30, being married was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, and more unemployment (in months) was associated with more depressive symptoms. The course of depressive symptoms through young adulthood carries over into midlife, showing continuity even after accounting for family and labor market experiences