Genómica funcional de <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>, implicancias sobre una enfermedad considerada reemergente

Objetivos generales de la tesis: Con el desarrollo de esta propuesta se espera contribuir al conocimiento que sirva de base para el diseño de una vacuna más efectiva contra pertussis, no sólo en términos generales, sino en lo que se refiere a su efectividad en Argentina, determinando la definición de la/s cepas / componentes a incluir en una nueva formulación. Objetivos específicos de la tesis: En este marco conceptual y tomando como hipótesis la divergencia de la población bacteriana circulante respecto a las cepas vacunales hoy en uso, se proponen los siguientes objetivos: 1-Caracterizar mediante la aplicación de técnicas de genómica funcional los aislamientos de B. pertussis locales. Identificar de nuevos inmunógenos. Los aislamientos clínicos de nuestra colección han sido previamente agrupados en base a sus divergencias a nivel de las secuencias que codifican para antígenos específicos, así como en su genoma completo a través de los ensayos de PFGE y los años en que fueron aislados. Proponemos abordar la búsqueda de diferencias específicas, a nivel de expresión génica, entre los aislamientos circulantes y las cepas que hoy se usan en la producción de vacunas. Para ello hemos emplearemos herramientas de genómica funcional, proteómica e inmunoblot; para identificar potenciales candidatos vacunales a incorporar en una formulación acelular. 2-Analizar la relevancia de la divergencia genética entre la Población Bacteriana Circulante (PBC) y las cepas vacunales respecto a la protección contra pertussis. Para abordar este punto emplearemos el modelo animal de desafío intranasal. Consideramos que la información obtenida marcará la necesidad o no de incluir determinadas variantes polimórficas para obtener una nueva vacuna más efectiva. El abordaje de este aspecto se espera también contribuya al conocimiento general de la adaptación y evolución bacteriana bajo la presión de selección ejercida por las diferentes estrategias de vacunación (celular/acelular).Tesis digitalizada en SEDICI gracias a la Biblioteca Central de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (UNLP).Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Genómica funcional de <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>, implicancias sobre una enfermedad considerada reemergente

Objetivos generales de la tesis: Con el desarrollo de esta propuesta se espera contribuir al conocimiento que sirva de base para el diseño de una vacuna más efectiva contra pertussis, no sólo en términos generales, sino en lo que se refiere a su efectividad en Argentina, determinando la definición de la/s cepas / componentes a incluir en una nueva formulación. Objetivos específicos de la tesis: En este marco conceptual y tomando como hipótesis la divergencia de la población bacteriana circulante respecto a las cepas vacunales hoy en uso, se proponen los siguientes objetivos: 1-Caracterizar mediante la aplicación de técnicas de genómica funcional los aislamientos de B. pertussis locales. Identificar de nuevos inmunógenos. Los aislamientos clínicos de nuestra colección han sido previamente agrupados en base a sus divergencias a nivel de las secuencias que codifican para antígenos específicos, así como en su genoma completo a través de los ensayos de PFGE y los años en que fueron aislados. Proponemos abordar la búsqueda de diferencias específicas, a nivel de expresión génica, entre los aislamientos circulantes y las cepas que hoy se usan en la producción de vacunas. Para ello hemos emplearemos herramientas de genómica funcional, proteómica e inmunoblot; para identificar potenciales candidatos vacunales a incorporar en una formulación acelular. 2-Analizar la relevancia de la divergencia genética entre la Población Bacteriana Circulante (PBC) y las cepas vacunales respecto a la protección contra pertussis. Para abordar este punto emplearemos el modelo animal de desafío intranasal. Consideramos que la información obtenida marcará la necesidad o no de incluir determinadas variantes polimórficas para obtener una nueva vacuna más efectiva. El abordaje de este aspecto se espera también contribuya al conocimiento general de la adaptación y evolución bacteriana bajo la presión de selección ejercida por las diferentes estrategias de vacunación (celular/acelular).Tesis digitalizada en SEDICI gracias a la Biblioteca Central de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (UNLP).Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Global population structure and evolution of Bordetella pertussis and their relationship with vaccination

Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, a respiratory disease that is most severe for infants. Vaccination was introduced in the 1950s, and in recent years, a resurgence of disease was observed worldwide, with significant mortality in infants. Possible causes for this include the switch from whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) to less effective acellular vaccines (ACVs), waning immunity, and pathogen adaptation. Pathogen adaptation is suggested by antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulating strains and by the emergence of strains with increased pertussis toxin production. We applied comparative genomics to a worldwide collection of 343 B. pertussis strains isolated between 1920 and 2010. The global phylogeny showed two deep branches; the largest of these contained 98% of all strains, and its expansion correlated temporally with the first descriptions of pertussis outbreaks in Europe in the 16th century. We found little evidence of recent geographical clustering of the strains within this lineage, suggesting rapid strain flow between countries. We observed that changes in genes encoding proteins implicated in protective immunity that are included in ACVs occurred after the introduction of WCVs but before the switch to ACVs. Furthermore, our analyses consistently suggested that virulence-associated genes and genes coding for surface-exposed proteins were involved in adaptation. However, many of the putative adaptive loci identified have a physiological role, and further studies of these loci may reveal less obvious ways in which B. pertussis and the host interact. This work provides insight into ways in which pathogens may adapt to vaccination and suggests ways to improve pertussis vaccines.La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo.Instituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia Molecula

Membrane vesicles derived from Bordetella bronchiseptica: Active constituent of a new vaccine against infections caused by this pathogen

Bordetella bronchiseptica, a Gram-negative bacterium, causes chronic respiratory tract infections in a wide variety of mammalian hosts, including humans (albeit rarely). We recently designed Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis experimental vaccines based on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from each pathogen, and we obtained protection against the respective infections in mice. Here, we demonstrated that OMVs derived from virulent-phase B. bronchiseptica (OMVBbvir+) protected mice against sublethal infections with different B. bronchiseptica strains, two isolated from farm animals and one isolated from a human patient. In all infections, we observed that the B. bronchiseptica loads were significantly reduced in the lungs of vaccinated animals; the lung-recovered CFU were decreased by ≥4 log units, compared with those detected in the lungs of nonimmunized animals (P < 0.001). In the OMVBbvir+-immunized mice, we detected IgG antibody titers against B. bronchiseptica whole-cell lysates, along with an immune serum having bacterial killing activity that both recognized B. bronchiseptica lipopolysaccharides and polypeptides such as GroEL and outer membrane protein C (OMPc) and demonstrated an essential protective capacity against B. bronchiseptica infection, as detected by passive in vivo transfer experiments. Stimulation of cultured splenocytes from immunized mice with OMVBbvir+ resulted in interleukin 5 (IL-5), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and IL-17 production, indicating that the vesicles induced mixed Th2, Th1, and Th17 T-cell immune responses. We detected, by adoptive transfer assays, that spleen cells from OMVBbvir+-immunized mice also contributed to the observed protection against B. bronchiseptica infection. OMVs from avirulent-phase B. bronchiseptica and the resulting induced immune sera were also able to protect mice against B. bronchiseptica infection.Fil: Bottero, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Zurita, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Gaillard, María Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Bartel, Erika Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Vercellini, María Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos; ArgentinaFil: Hozbor, Daniela Flavia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentin

Strategies and new developments to control pertussis, an actual health problem

The aim of this article is to describe the current epidemiological situation of pertussis, as well as different short-term strategies that have been implemented to alleviate this threat. The state of the art of the development of new vaccines that are expected to provide long-lasting immunity against pertussis was also included.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasInstituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia MolecularInstituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológico

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Bordetella pertussis strains used in different vaccine formulations in Latin America

Aim: To characterize Bordetella pertussis vaccine strains in comparison with current circulating bacteria. Methods and Results: Genomic and proteomic analyses of Bp137 were performed in comparison with other vaccine strains used in Latin America (Bp509 and Bp10536) and with the clinical Argentinean isolate Bp106. Tohama I strain was used as reference strain. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and pertussis toxin promoter (ptxP) sequence analysis revealed that Bp137 groups with Bp509 in PFGE group III and contains ptxP2 sequence. Tohama I (group II) and Bp10536 (group I) contain ptxP1 sequence, while Bp106 belongs to a different PFGE cluster and contains ptxP3. Surface protein profiles diverged in at least 24 peptide subunits among the studied strains. From these 24 differential proteins, Bp10536 shared the expression of ten proteins with Tohama I and Bp509, but only three with Bp137. In contrast, seven proteins were detected exclusively in Bp137 and Bp106. Conclusions: Bp137 showed more features in common with the clinical isolate Bp106 than the other vaccine strains here included. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results presented show that the old strains included in vaccines are not all equal among them. These findings together with the data of circulating bacteria should be taken into account to select the best vaccine to be included in a national immunization programme.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasInstituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia Molecula

Laboratory adaptation of Bordetella pertussis is associated with the loss of type three secretion system functionality

Although Bordetella pertussis contains and transcribes loci encoding type III secretion system (TTSS) homologues, expression of TTSS-associated proteins has been reported only for non-laboratory-adapted Irish clinical isolates. Here we confirm such a result for clinical isolates obtained from patients treated in Argentinean hospitals. Moreover, we demonstrate that the expression of TTSS-associated proteins is independent both of the year in which the isolate was obtained and of the types of polymorphic alleles for other virulence factors but is dependent on environmental growth conditions. Interestingly, we observed that TTSS-associated protein expression is lost after successive in vitro passages but becomes operative again when bacteria come into contact with the host. This in vivo activation of TTSS expression was observed not only for clinical isolates previously adapted to the laboratory after successive in vitro passages but also for vaccine strains that did not express the system in vitro. The reversibility of TTSS expression, demonstrated by its switching off-on when the bacterium comes into contact with the host, appears to be an adaptive response of this pathogen.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasInstituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia Molecula

Immunization with the Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Fused to Fimbria 2 Protein Protects against <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> Infection

This study examined the immunogenic properties of the fusion protein fimbria 2 of Bordetella pertussis (Fim2)—cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in the intranasal murine model of infection. To this end B. pertussis Fim2 coding sequence was cloned downstream of the cholera toxin B subunit coding sequence.Theexpression and assembly of the fusion protein into pentameric structures (CTBFim2) were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and monosialotetrahexosylgaglioside (GM1-ganglioside) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate the protective capacity of CTB-Fim2, an intraperitoneal or intranasal mouse immunization schedule was performed with 50 μg of CTB-Fim2. Recombinant (rFim2) or purified (BpFim2) Fim2, CTB, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were used as controls. The results showed that mice immunized with BpFim2 or CTB-Fim2 intraperitoneally or intranasally presented a significant reduction in bacterial lung counts compared to control groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001, resp.). Moreover, intranasal immunization with CTB-Fim2 induced significant levels of Fim2-specific IgG in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and Fim2-specific IgA in BAL. Analysis of IgG isotypes and cytokines mRNA levels showed that CTB-Fim2 results in a mixed Th1/Th2 (T-helper) response. The data presented here provide support for CTB-Fim2 as a promising recombinant antigen against Bordetella pertussis infection.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Global population structure and evolution of Bordetella pertussis and their relationship with vaccination

Bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, a respiratory disease that is most severe for infants. Vaccination was introduced in the 1950s, and in recent years, a resurgence of disease was observed worldwide, with significant mortality in infants. Possible causes for this include the switch from whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) to less effective acellular vaccines (ACVs), waning immunity, and pathogen adaptation. Pathogen adaptation is suggested by antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulating strains and by the emergence of strains with increased pertussis toxin production. We applied comparative genomics to a worldwide collection of 343 B. pertussis strains isolated between 1920 and 2010. The global phylogeny showed two deep branches; the largest of these contained 98% of all strains, and its expansion correlated temporally with the first descriptions of pertussis outbreaks in Europe in the 16th century. We found little evidence of recent geographical clustering of the strains within this lineage, suggesting rapid strain flow between countries. We observed that changes in genes encoding proteins implicated in protective immunity that are included in ACVs occurred after the introduction of WCVs but before the switch to ACVs. Furthermore, our analyses consistently suggested that virulence-associated genes and genes coding for surface-exposed proteins were involved in adaptation. However, many of the putative adaptive loci identified have a physiological role, and further studies of these loci may reveal less obvious ways in which B. pertussis and the host interact. This work provides insight into ways in which pathogens may adapt to vaccination and suggests ways to improve pertussis vaccines.La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo.Instituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia Molecula

Immunization with the Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Fused to Fimbria 2 Protein Protects against <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> Infection

This study examined the immunogenic properties of the fusion protein fimbria 2 of Bordetella pertussis (Fim2)—cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in the intranasal murine model of infection. To this end B. pertussis Fim2 coding sequence was cloned downstream of the cholera toxin B subunit coding sequence.Theexpression and assembly of the fusion protein into pentameric structures (CTBFim2) were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and monosialotetrahexosylgaglioside (GM1-ganglioside) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate the protective capacity of CTB-Fim2, an intraperitoneal or intranasal mouse immunization schedule was performed with 50 μg of CTB-Fim2. Recombinant (rFim2) or purified (BpFim2) Fim2, CTB, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were used as controls. The results showed that mice immunized with BpFim2 or CTB-Fim2 intraperitoneally or intranasally presented a significant reduction in bacterial lung counts compared to control groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001, resp.). Moreover, intranasal immunization with CTB-Fim2 induced significant levels of Fim2-specific IgG in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and Fim2-specific IgA in BAL. Analysis of IgG isotypes and cytokines mRNA levels showed that CTB-Fim2 results in a mixed Th1/Th2 (T-helper) response. The data presented here provide support for CTB-Fim2 as a promising recombinant antigen against Bordetella pertussis infection.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta