Settlement Changes in the Southwest Highlands of Scotland 1700-1960

Abstract Not Provided

Social Capital and Economic Empowerment: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship between Changes in the Value of Accumulated Assets and Measures of Social Capital among Rural South African Women

This longitudinal study explored the relationship between household asset accumulation over time and measures of social capital among impoverished rural South African women. The study re-analyzed an existing data set from a 2001–2005 study done in eight villages in South Africa. The original study investigated the impact of a microfinance and education intervention on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and intimate partner violence. This study re-analyzed interview responses from 739 households in the original data set and used multiple regression analysis to explore the relationship between measures of cognitive social capital (CSC) and structural social capital (SSC) and household economic welfare as measured by change in the value of household assets over time. The models used first considered the relationship of select demographic variables to asset accumulation and then explored the relationship of select social capital measures to asset accumulation. Results for the study\u27s three primary research questions revealed that for the overall multiple-variable models, there was no significance (p = .17, p = .24, and p = .22, respectively), and the variables accounted, respectively, for only 1.9 percent, 2.0 percent, and 2.1 percent of the variance in the respondents\u27 change in the value of household assets score. Further analysis done of the microfinance participation by degree of involvement revealed moderate significance (p \u3c .001) in measures related to baseline, follow-up, and changes in CSC as well as measures related to baseline, follow-up, and changes in SSC. A principal component analysis done on the CSC and SSC measures found that two questions among the CSC index regarding a woman\u27s trust that strangers in a village will help her household in time of personal crisis held together well and showed moderate significance (t = 2.22, p \u3c .05) in terms of household asset accumulation. The results of this study run counter to findings in other studies that suggest increases in social capital lead to higher levels of economic welfare. Social capital researchers and microfinance practitioners should find the analysis and results from this study challenging but informative

Ministerial Entrepreneurship: Reenvisioning Entrepreneurship and Revitalizing the Church

This article considers the marketplace from a Christian perspective, then surveys the nature of an alternative approach to traditional bi-vocational ministry: the ministerial entrepreneur. It then suggests points of future reflection for supervisors as they guide those working as ministerial entrepreneurs as compared to those in bi-vocational ministry

The Mitragyna Alkaloids

Mitraphylline is isolated from the hark of Mitragyna rubrostipulaceae and is separated from beta-sitosterol, quinovic acid and nitrogenous bases comprising alkaloidal congeners. The molecular formula, C21H26O4N2, the presence of one methoxyl group - probably incorporated in a methoxycarbonyl group, and the absence of rnethyl-imino groups are confirmed; but the alleged presence of an olefinic linkage is refuted and, contrary to previous statements, it is found that the alkaloid may be induced to yield a mono-acetyl derivative. The ultra-violet and infra-red absorption spectra of mitraphylline are measured and are shown to be consistent with an oxindole structure. Distillation of mitraphylline from zinc dust in vacuo is found to yield degradation products of considerable significance. In particular, isoquinoline is isolated from the basic fraction while a neutral product, C10H9ON, is identified as either 3-ethylidene-or 3-vinyl-oxindole since it affords 3-ethyloxindole on hydrogenation. Mitraphylline may therefore be regarded as a derivative of N-(beta-3-oxindolylethyl)perhydroisoquin-oline, in which only the suspected methoxycarbonyl group and one unidentified oxygen atom remain to be located. Moreover, the neutral compound, C10H9ON, is now shown to he identical with the "methylcarbostyril" which Barger, Dyer and Sargent had obtained from the related alkaloid, rhynchophylline. In the light of these facts the evidence reviewed shows that in the Mitragyna bases an oxindole group of alkaloids co-exists with the beta-carboline type indicated by previous investigations. Synthetic work described includes the syntheses of 1:7-dimethyltryptophan and of 9-methyl-, 1;9-dimethyl-, 2:9-dimethyl- and 1:2:9-trimethyl-beta-carbolines. The apparatus used for the extraction of the bark and a device for the chromatography of colourless substances are described