4 research outputs found
A practical approach to cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) directed hemodynamic management in noncardiac pediatric anesthesia
Safeguarding cerebral function is of major importance during pediatric anesthesia.
Premature, exâpremature, and fullâterm neonates can be vulnerable to physiologiâ
cal changes that occur during anesthesia and surgery. Data from studies performed
during pediatric cardiac surgery and in neonatal/pediatric intensive care units have
shown the benefits of nearâinfrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring of regional cerâ
ebral oxygenation (cârSO2). However, NIRS monitoring is seldom used during nonâ
cardiac pediatric anesthesia. Despite compelling evidence that blood pressure does
not reflect endâorgan perfusion, it is still regarded as the most important determiâ
nant of cerebral perfusion and the most relevant hemodynamic management target
parameter by most (pediatric) anesthetists. The principle of NIRS monitoring is not
selfâexplanatory and sometimes seems even counterintuitive, which may explain why
many anesthesiologists are reserved regarding its use. The first part of this paper is
dedicated to a clinical introduction to NIRS monitoring. Despite scientific efforts,
it has not yet been possible to define individual lower limit cârSO2 values and it is
unlikely this will succeed in the near future. Nonetheless, published treatment algoâ
rithms usually specify cârSO2 values which may be associated with cerebral hypoxia.
Our treatment guideline for maintaining sufficient cerebral oxygenation differs funâ
damentally from all previously published approaches. We define a baseline cârSO2
value, registered in the awake child prior to anesthesia induction, as the lowest acâ
ceptable limit during anesthesia and surgery. The cerebral rSO2 is the single target
parameter, while blood pressure, heart rate, PaCO2, and SaO2 are major parameters
that determine the cârSO2. Cerebral NIRS monitoring, interpreted together with its
continuously available contributing parameters, may help avoid potentially harmful
episodes of cerebral desaturation in anesthetized pediatric patients
Morbidity and mortality after anaesthesia in early life: results of the European prospective multicentre observational study, neonate and children audit of anaesthesia practice in Europe (NECTARINE)
Background: Neonates and infants requiring anaesthesia are at risk of physiological instability and complications, but triggers for peri-anaesthetic interventions and associations with subsequent outcome are unknown.
Methods: This prospective, observational study recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. The primary aim was to identify thresholds of pre-determined physiological variables that triggered a medical intervention. The secondary aims were to evaluate morbidities, mortality at 30 and 90 days, or both, and associations with critical events.
Results: Infants (n=5609) born at mean (standard deviation [sd]) 36.2 (4.4) weeks postmenstrual age (35.7% preterm) underwent 6542 procedures within 63 (48) days of birth. Critical event(s) requiring intervention occurred in 35.2% of cases, mainly hypotension (>30% decrease in blood pressure) or reduced oxygenation (SpO2 <85%). Postmenstrual age influenced the incidence and thresholds for intervention. Risk of critical events was increased by prior neonatal medical conditions, congenital anomalies, or both (relative risk [RR]=1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.28) and in those requiring preoperative intensive support (RR=1.27; 95% CI, 1.15-1.41). Additional complications occurred in 16.3% of patients by 30 days, and overall 90-day mortality was 3.2% (95% CI, 2.7-3.7%). Co-occurrence of intraoperative hypotension, hypoxaemia, and anaemia was associated with increased risk of morbidity (RR=3.56; 95% CI, 1.64-7.71) and mortality (RR=19.80; 95% CI, 5.87-66.7).
Conclusions: Variability in physiological thresholds that triggered an intervention, and the impact of poor tissue oxygenation on patient's outcome, highlight the need for more standardised perioperative management guidelines for neonates and infants
Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE): a prospective European multicentre observational study
International audienceBackground: Neonates and infants are susceptible to hypoxaemia in the perioperative period. The aim of this study was to analyse interventions related to anaesthesia tracheal intubations in this European cohort and identify their clinical consequences.Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of tracheal intubations of the European multicentre observational trial (NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe [NECTARINE]) in neonates and small infants with difficult tracheal intubation. The primary endpoint was the incidence of difficult intubation and the related complications. The secondary endpoints were the risk factors for severe hypoxaemia attributed to difficult airway management, and 30 and 90 day outcomes.Results: Tracheal intubation was planned in 4683 procedures. Difficult tracheal intubation, defined as two failed attempts of direct laryngoscopy, occurred in 266 children (271 procedures) with an incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 5.8% (95% CI, 5.1-6.5). Bradycardia occurred in 8% of the cases with difficult intubation, whereas a significant decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2<90% for 60 s) was reported in 40%. No associated risk factors could be identified among co-morbidities, surgical, or anaesthesia management. Using propensity scoring to adjust for confounders, difficult anaesthesia tracheal intubation did not lead to an increase in 30 and 90 day morbidity or mortality.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate a high incidence of difficult tracheal intubation in children less than 60 weeks post-conceptual age commonly resulting in severe hypoxaemia. Reassuringly, the morbidity and mortality at 30 and 90 days was not increased by the occurrence of a difficult intubation event