An epidemiological Study of Domestic Violence Against Women and its Association with Sexually Transmitted Infections in Bangalore Rural.

Background: Gender-based violence is universal, differing only in scope from one society to the other. The most common form of violence against women is domestic violence or violence within families. Objectives: 1. To study the prevalence and different forms of domestic violence perpetrated by intimate partner against married women. 2. To study socio economic and demographic factors which affect the victimization of woman for domestic violence. 3.To study prevalence of sexually transmitted infection and its association with domestic violence in the study group. Methods: Based on a pilot study results, a sample size of 257 was determined. Total 257 currently married women in the reproductive age group (15-49 yrs) were interviewed by systematic random sampling with prior consent using a well designed, pre- tested questionnaire . All the women were screened for sexually transmitted infections as per the WHO guidelines by syndromic approach. The data was analyzed by percentages and chi-square test. Results: Prevalence of domestic violence was found to be 29.57% in the study group. Verbal abuse was reported by 81.58% of the women, Physical abuse by 31.58% of the women ,Psychological abuse by 27.63% of the women and Sexual abuse by 10.53% of the women. Among the 76 victimized women none of them reported to the police. Interpretation and conclusions: The vulnerability to domestic violence was found significantly associated with age at marriage, duration of marriage and addiction of husband to alcohol. The association between domestic violence and sexually transmitted infections was also found significant

Surface rainwater harvesting potentiality and impact of Dhaval micro-watershed in Satara district, Maharashtra, India

The main objective in constructing the rainwater harvesting structures is to collect and retain the maximum possible amount of runoff generated from its catchment area. If suitable small surface water harvesting structures are taken up systematically on a micro-watershed basis, it is possible to avoid the drought like conditions that prevail in semi-arid regions. The present paper based on the primary data collected by conducting intensive fieldwork and personal interviews. It is found that three main surface water harvesting structures have been constructed. These are - i) Cascade of tanks and contour bunds ii) Networking of farm ponds iii) percolation tank. It is suggested that such surface rainwater harvesting structures should be constructed in a micro-watershed particularly in the drought-prone areas to bring prosperity and development. Key Words: Water harvesting, Potentiality, Micro-watershed, Impact, Sustainable development

Effect of Piper nigrum (Linn.) seeds extract and second line anti-tuberculosis drugs on a few Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains

Piper nigrum (Linn.) belonging to the family Piperaceae have been reported for its multitudinous medicinal values. The present study was undertaken to examine the direct effect of Ethionamide (ETH), Para amino salicylic acid (PAS), ethanolic extracts of P. nigrum on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strain H37Rv and Multi drug-resistant (MDR)-strains-12, 19 and 21. The proportion method was used to detect the anti-mycobacterial drug susceptibility testing for mycobacteria using Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium. It was found that P. nigrum does not interfere with single or in the combination of both ETH and PAS showing the bioenhancer activity. In vitro study of ethanolic extract of P. nigrum observed that the extract inhibited the growth of H37Rv strains and MDR strains-12, MDR strains 19, and MDR strains 21. The present results will pave new avenues to find a new medicine that possesses P. nigrum alone or in combination with drugs to combat MDR-strains controlling tuberculosis

A comparative study of two layer versus three-layer repair of mediolateral episiotomy

Background: Since majority of the women attending study hospital are belonging to lower socioeconomic strata and active involvement of paramedical staff in providing obstetric care, this study was undertaken to find the utility of a two-layer repair of mediolateral episiotomy and compare it with the standard method of closure in relation to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and superiority if any, over the traditional three-layered repair of episiotomy.Methods: This was a prospective interventional study comparing 100 women who underwent two-layer closure with 100 women who underwent three-layer closure of episiotomy in a tertiary care hospital in Pune, India over a period of 2 years from October 2012 to October 2014. The parameters assessed were operative time, number of suture materials required, immediate post procedure pain and complications at follow-up. Qualitative and quantitative data was analysed using unpaired t-test, chi square test and Fisher exact test.Results: Both the groups were comparable in terms of hospital stay and wound complications such as oedema, dehiscence, hematoma, requirement of resuturing, cosmesis and long-term complications such as dyspareunia. However, two-layer repair required less operative time, lesser number of suture materials and decreased pain during hospital stay as there was statistically significant difference observed between the two groups.Conclusions: In this study experience, it can be concluded that two-layer repair of episiotomy is faster, with less post-operative pain and more cost effective. Hence it provides mother with better services

Comparison of changes in sugar contents in the cotyledons of Trigonella and Tamarindus

Fleshy cotyledons serve as the major storage organ in most non-endospermic legumes. Cotyledons serve as major storage organs with protein and carbohydrates as the major food reserves. Reserve food is broken down by the formation of various types of hydrolases (e.g., amylases, proteases, nucleases, lipases, etc.). In germinating seeds, the starch degraded for the formation of sugar, it was found that at the level of starch degradation, the accumulation of sugar in cotyledons of both Trigonella and Tamarindus was quite prominent. It was marked that sugar was the hydrolytic product of starch. It accumulated in the cotyledons along with the subsequent degradation of starch. In most of the cases it showed a decline in its level due to its translocation into the axis which acted as a link

In vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Jatropha species

Leaf extracts, stem extract, roots extract, latex and oil of Jatropha curcas, J. glandulufera, J. integerrima and J. gossypofolia were screened in order to study their effect on plant pathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani and plant pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora pv. Carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri and Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Degree of variation of antifungal and antibacterial activity of different parts of Jatropha sp. was observed

A Study of Reproductive Morbidities among Women Reporting to Primary and Tertiary Care Centres in and around Delhi

Purpose: To assess reproductive morbidities among women reporting to a tertiary and a primary health centres in and around Delhi, India. Methods: 581 women (388 were from Safdarjung Hospital and 193 from the Primary Health Centre in Najafgarh) of all age groups who attended the gynecological out-patient departments at both centres were interviewed using a structured questionnaire comprising of questions relating to general socio-demographic information and the reasons for coming to the centre and examined. These were categorized into gynecological, obstetrical or contraceptive after obtaining a detailed history. Results: The frequency of reproductive morbidities in the present study was observed to be quite high with gynecological conditions being the most common (88.64%), followed by obstetric (65.93%) and contraceptive (11.53%) morbidities. Conclusion: Gynaecological conditions were the major reasons while the women visited the healthcare facilities. Early identification of RTIs and other types of morbidities needs to be encouraged through regular check-ups. The antenatal clinics also need to be strengthened in order to ensure better obstetric health care.Keywords: Contraceptive, Gynecology, Morbidity, Obstetrics, RTI

Ion exchange system design for removal of heavy metals from acid mine drainage wastewater

This paper discusses the methodology used to determine the optimal ion-exchange column size to process all separate batchesof feeds from acid mine drainage wastewater.The optimal design ensures the best utilization of resin material and therefore results in a minimum amount of spent resins.Ion exchanger materials have been studied for removing heavy metals from a metal bearing wastes. For the current treatment,a facility has been designed for the removal of heavy metals from the acid mine drainage (AMD) waste by the ion-exchange technology

Mucoadhesive carbamazepine gel for in situ olfactory delivery

Purpose: To formulate mucoadhesive carbamazepine gel for delivery to the brain via the olfactory mucosa. Methods: Carbamazepine transfersomes were formulated using Lipoid S 100 and sodium cholate. The transfersomes were evaluated for entrapment efficiency, in vitro release transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, polydispersity index. The transfersomes were then incorporated into gellan gum gel, and the in situ gel formulation was evaluated for drug content, gel strength, in vitro release and mucoadhesive force. Transfersomes were also evaluated for bioanalytical study in rats. Result: TEM analysis showed good regular spheres. The negative zeta potential ensures resistance to aggregation. The gel strength of the formulations was in the range of 0.6 to 7.4 g. In vitro diffusion study of transfersomal gel showed Fickian diffusion mechanism. Formulation F6 was optimized depending for gel strength (6.4 g) , drug content (99.47 ± 0.25 %), and good mucoadhesive force (50.24 ± 0.76 dyne/cm2). Bioanalytical study of F6 showed increased drug concentration in brain. Conclusion: Mucoadhesive carbanmazepine gel can be used effectively to achieve increased concentration of drug in the brain via olfactory mucosal rout

Chemoselective C-benzoylation of phenols by using AlCl3 under solvent-free conditions

Substituted phenols were chemo-selectively reacted with benzoylchloride in presence of aluminum chloride under solvent-free condition to afford the corresponding 2'-hydroxy aryl benzophenones in excellent yields (72-96%). Naphthol benzoylation resulted in lower yields as compared to phenols. Both reactions completed in 5-10 min with quantitative yields providing excellent control over regioselectivity of products. KEY WORDS: Chemoselective C-acylation, F-C reaction, Fries rearrangement Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2015, 29(2), 319-325DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v29i2.1