ANTIOXIDANT AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVE MICROWAVE MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF 2-(4/-PHENOTHIAZINYL PYRAZOLYL) PYRROLES

Phenothiazine derivatives substituted in the 2 and 10 positions belong to a big group of tricyclic aromatic compounds. They are in extensive use in psychiatry as tranquilizers and neuroleptics. Phenothiazines belong to an important class of heterocyclic compounds known for their pharmaceutical properties. Phenothiazine core is the active component in sedatives, tranquilizers, antituberculotics or bactericides. Phenothiazines are electron donor compounds with a low oxidation potential and they can form easily radical-cations. Lately phenothiazine has become very popular in material science or in biochemistry as marker for proteins and DNA. 2-[4/-hydroxyl benz-1/-(propene-1//-one)] Pyrrole (2) on treatment with primary amine gives 2-[biphenyl amine-1/-(propane-1//-one)] pyrrole (3) which react with sulphur and iodine affording substituted 2-[phenothiazinyl-8/-(propane-1//-one)] pyrrole (4a-j) which undergoes cyclization with NH2. NH2H2O and Substituted 2-(4/-phenothiazinyl pyrazolyl) pyrrole (5a-j) is obtained. The structure products were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral data

Delay in DOTS for new pulmonary tuberculosis patient from rural area of Wardha District, India

Vast majority of active tuberculosis patients seeks treatment, do so promptly, still many patients spend a great deal of time and money “shopping for health” and too often they do not receive either accurate diagnosis or effective treatment, despite spending considerable resources. Objective: To find out the time taken to, for diagnosis of tuberculosis and to put patient on DOTS from the onset of symptoms and pattern of health seeking behavior of new pulmonary tuberculosis patients. A cross-sectional rapid assessment using qualitative (FGD) and quantitative (Interview) methods conducted at DOTS center of tertiary care hospital from rural Wardha. Participants: 53 pulmonary tuberculosis patients already on DOTS, in intensive phase. Main outcome measure: Delay in initiation of DOTS & health seeking behavior Results: Median total delay for starting DOTS was 111 days, (range: 10 to 321 days). Patient delay was more than provider delay. Patients delay was more in patients above 60 years, illiterate, per-capita income below 650 Rupees and HIV TB co-infection. Pattern of health seeking behavior was complex. Family physician was the preferred health care provider. Patient visited on an average four providers and spent around 1450 rupees (only direct cost) before DOTS begin. Time taken from the onset of symptoms and start of DOT is a cause of concern for the tuberculosis control program. Early case detection is important rather than mere achieving target of 70% new case detection. Program manager needs to implement locally relevant & focused strategies for early case detection to improve the treatment success, especially in rural area of India

Implementation of 8 Point FFT with IEEE 754 Floating Format for OFDM System

No Abstrac

ETHICAL ISSUES IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in populations, and its application to the control of health problems. An epidemiological studies involve the population and as such ethical issues are an important aspect of it which need to be properly understood and adhered to. These issues can relate to informed consent, appropriate sample size, selection of participants, confidentiality, conflict of interest etc. Studies like therapeutic trial have also a lot of ethical issues which differ from issues pertaining to non-therapeutic trials. The source of funding for the study can have implication. Fabrication of data, manipulation during analysis, intentional changes in the result to obtain a pre desired outcome are some grey areas which need to be addressed. Another ethical issue is publication in certain Journals with monetary involvement. Lastly but not the least, authorship also have certain ethical issues. Attention to ethical issues can facilitate the effective planning, implementation, and growth of a variety of public health programs and research activities. Moreover with advancement in Epidemiology like molecular epidemiology, genetic epidemiology etc. the ethical issues become more complicated. Keywords: Ethics; Epidemiology; Epidemiological studies; Ethical Issues

ETHICAL ISSUES IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in populations, and its application to the control of health problems. An epidemiological studies involve the population and as such ethical issues are an important aspect of it which need to be properly understood and adhered to. These issues can relate to informed consent, appropriate sample size, selection of participants, confidentiality, conflict of interest etc. Studies like therapeutic trial have also a lot of ethical issues which differ from issues pertaining to non-therapeutic trials. The source of funding for the study can have implication. Fabrication of data, manipulation during analysis, intentional changes in the result to obtain a pre desired outcome are some grey areas which need to be addressed. Another ethical issue is publication in certain Journals with monetary involvement. Lastly but not the least, authorship also have certain ethical issues. Attention to ethical issues can facilitate the effective planning, implementation, and growth of a variety of public health programs and research activities. Moreover with advancement in Epidemiology like molecular epidemiology, genetic epidemiology etc. the ethical issues become more complicated. Keywords: Ethics; Epidemiology; Epidemiological studies; Ethical Issues

Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer

This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the efficacy and safety of ghrelin on improving food intake, body composition and survival in patients with cachexia associated with cancer. © 2016 The Cochrane Collaboratio

Association between Obesity and Depression and Anxiety Disorders: Results from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey

Introduction: Obesity is one of the most important medical problems in the U.S. and is considered to be an epidemic with over 30% of the population being obese. Obesity is associated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers and a shorter life expectancy. Recent studies have shown that higher BMI levels are also significantly associated with several lifetime mental disorders such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders as well as panic attacks and panic disorders. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent to which higher BMI increased the likelihood of Depression, Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder and to observe if co-morbid illnesses such as Hypertension and Diabetes affect this association. Methods: A cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. There were 20,593 adult respondents (over 18 years of age) who were included in the study. Logistic regression models were weighted to account for the complex weighting scheme. Main Determinant measures: Based on their BMI, the participants were classified into 5 groups: Underweight (BMI \u3c18.50), Normal Weight (BMI 18.50 – 24.99), Overweight (BMI 25.00 – 29.99), Obese (BMI 30.00-39.99) and Morbidly Obese (BMI \u3e 40.00). Main Outcome Measures: Presence or absence of Depression, Anxiety Disorder or Panic Disorder based on self-report. Results: People who were obese or morbidly obese had higher odds of suffering from depression, anxiety disorder and panic disorder compared to people who were normal weight. Obese individuals were 35% as likely to suffer from depression, 22% as likely to suffer from anxiety disorder and 36% as likely to suffer from panic disorder relative to normal weight persons. Morbidly obese people were 85% as likely to suffer from depression, 27% as likely to suffer from anxiety disorder and 34% as likely to suffer from panic disorder. No interactions were observed based on the presence of hypertension or diabetes. Conclusion: Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of depression, anxiety disorder and panic disorder. With obesity rates steadily increasing, understanding the impact of obesity on the occurrence of mental disorders is important

A Review on the Use of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the Bile Duct

Background. Current methods to diagnose malignant biliary strictures are of low sensitivity. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a new approach that can be used to evaluate in vivo histopathology of the GI tract. This paper is of studies evidencing pCLE's application in the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures. Methods. This paper examined peer-reviewed studies conducted between January 2000 and November 2011. A PubMed search for relevant articles was performed using the following keywords:“pCLE”, “confocal”, “endomicroscopy”, “probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy”, “and “bile duct”. Further individual review was done to assess the screened articles' relevance to the topic. Results. After individual review, 6 studies were included; with a cumulative sample size of 165, with 75 subjects identified as having a malignancy. These studies included tertiary care centers in Germany, France, and USA, including one multicenter trial. 3 studies assessed pCLE's specificity (range 67%–88%) ,sensitivity (range 83%–98), and accuracy (range 81%–86%). Conclusion. Confocal endomicroscopy is a novel and promising modality for the biliary tree. Further studies need to be conducted both to establish its usefulness for the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures and to understand the histological meaning of the imaging patterns that are observed

ACOUSTICAL STUDIES OF COPOLYMER OF P-HYDROXY BENZOIC ACID AND FORMALDEHYDE IN N, N-DIMETHYL FORMAMIDE AND DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE BY ULTRASONIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

The density (Ï), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic speeds (U) of copolymer of p-hydroxy benzoic acid and formaldehyde in dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions have been investigated to understand the effect of substituent's on intermolecular interactions at 283K, 288K, 293K, 298K, and 303K. Various acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustical impedance (Z), internal pressure (Ï€), relaxation time (Ï„) and relative association (RA) were determined and correlated with concentration (C). A good correlation between a given parameter and concentration is observed at all temperatures and solvent systems studied. The results have been used to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in the system

Ghrelin as a Promising Therapeutic Option for Cancer Cachexia

Cachexia is a devastating complication of cancer and an important cause of morbidity and mortality and can have a great effect on quality of life, and sense of self-esteem. Unfortunately; there is no standard cure available for cancer cachexia. Ghrelin; a 28 amino acid orexigenic gut hormone and its mimetics have shown potential benefits in reversing the breakdown of protein and weight loss in catabolic states like cancer cachexia. Ghrelin has effects on several vital pathways in the regulation of appetite, and composition of the body. It increases the secretion of growth hormone and reduces energy expenditure. It plays an important role in regulation of processes associated with cancer and antagonizing protein breakdown in catabolic conditions such as cancer cachexia. Additionally, ghrelin has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anxiolytic effects. Administration of ghrelin for short-term has been found to be well-tolerated and safe. These versatile actions of ghrelin and its safety can render it as a potentially useful novel therapy for patients with cancer cachexia. However; there is a need to generate more evidence to support the use of ghrelin in the management of cancer cachexia