4 research outputs found

    Importance of the conservation policies for facilitate community adjustment to climate warming of the Mediterranean wintering waterbirds

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    Les activitĂ©s humaines menacent gravement la biodiversitĂ©. Sous le terme de changements globaux, la sur-exploitation des populations et la destruction/dĂ©gradation des habitats arrivent en tĂȘte de liste des facteurs responsables de l’érosion de la biodiversitĂ©. Le changement climatique gagne en magnitude et ajoute une pression supplĂ©mentaire sur les espĂšces. En rĂ©ponse Ă  l’augmentation des tempĂ©ratures du globe, les communautĂ©s se rĂ©organisent suite au dĂ©placement de la distribution gĂ©ographique des espĂšces vers les pĂŽles. Mais l’accumulation des pressions anthropiques est susceptible de produire des effets d’interaction limitant l’ajustement des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique. Dans ce contexte critique, la biologie de la conservation a pour but de concilier les activitĂ©s humaines avec la conservation de la biodiversitĂ©. Dans cette thĂšse j’ai cherchĂ© Ă  comprendre comment l’accumulation des pressions anthropiques peut limiter l’ajustement des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique et Ă  identifier les solutions qui pourraient ĂȘtre mises en place pour faciliter leur adaptation Ă  ce rĂ©chauffement. J’ai pris pour modĂšle d’étude les espĂšces d’oiseaux d’eau hivernants dans les pays du bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en. Ces espĂšces emblĂ©matiques bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un dĂ©nombrement international destinĂ© Ă  suivre leurs populations en rĂ©ponse aux prĂ©lĂšvements par la chasse et Ă  la dĂ©gradation des zones humides dont elles dĂ©pendent. La MĂ©diterranĂ©e est une rĂ©gion fortement anthropisĂ©e oĂč l’utilisation des ressources naturelles exerce d’importantes pressions sur les zones humides et leur biodiversitĂ©. En rĂ©ponse, les pays ont diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies pour protĂ©ger ces Ă©cosystĂšmes, ce qui fait de cette rĂ©gion un plan expĂ©rimental intĂ©ressant pour mesurer l’impact dans changements globaux sur l’assemblage des espĂšces en fonction des mesures de conservation mises en oeuvre. En Ă©tudiant la rĂ©ponse des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique sous un gradient de perte/dĂ©gradation d’habitat, je montre que l’ajustement des communautĂ©s est rĂ©duit, voire empĂȘchĂ©, par la dĂ©gradation des zones humides. La Convention Ramsar vise justement Ă  protĂ©ger les zones humides et leur biodiversitĂ© en maintenant une exploitation raisonnĂ©e des ressources naturelles. En Ă©valuant l’effet de cette convention, je montre que son efficacitĂ© Ă  conserver les populations d’oiseaux est dĂ©pendante de l’implĂ©mentation d’autres outils de protection, mais que son rĂŽle est crucial dans les pays oĂč la lĂ©gislation environnementale est faible. Enfin, j’évalue la capacitĂ© des conventions internationales Ă  faciliter l’ajustement des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique grĂące Ă  la rĂ©duction des pressions qui s’exercent sur les populations. J’ai comparĂ© la rĂ©ponse des communautĂ©s entre les pays ayant ratifiĂ© la Convention de Berne, ceux ayant engagĂ© son application strictement rĂ©glementaire sous la Directive Oiseaux (Union EuropĂ©enne) et ceux n’ayant pas ratifiĂ© ces conventions. Le rĂ©sultat est clair, plus la rĂ©glementation est prĂ©cise et strictement rĂ©glementaire, plus les communautĂ©s et les espĂšces strictement protĂ©gĂ©es s’ajustent Ă  l’augmentation des tempĂ©ratures.En conclusion, les activitĂ©s humaines sont une menace pour la biodiversitĂ©, mais les mesures de conservation, en rĂ©duisant les pressions sur les populations facilitent leur adaptation au changement climatique. La conservation des oiseaux d’eau nĂ©cessite une collaboration internationale et l’établissement de lois strictement rĂ©glementaires protĂ©geant les zones humides et les espĂšces, tout en assurant une utilisation durable des ressources.Human activities seriously threaten biodiversity. In terms of global changes, overexploitation of populations and habitat destruction/degradation are at the top of the list of factors responsible for biodiversity loss. Climate change is increasing in magnitude and adding additional pressure on species. In response to the increase in global temperatures, communities are changing as a result of the shift in the geographical distribution of species towards the poles. But the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures is likely to produce interaction effects that limit community adjustment to global warming. In this critical context, conservation biology aims to reconcile human activities with biodiversity conservation. In this thesis I have investigate how the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures can limit the adjustment of communities to global warming and to identify solutions that could be put in place to facilitate their adaptation to this warming. I have used the wintering waterbird species in the countries of the Mediterranean basin as a model for my study. These iconic species benefit from an international census to monitor their populations in response to hunting and the degradation of the wetlands on which they depend. The Mediterranean is a highly anthropized region where the use of natural resources exerts significant pressures on wetlands and their biodiversity. In response, countries have different strategies to protect these ecosystems, making this region an interesting experimental plan to measure the impact in global changes on species assemblage based on conservation measures implemented. By studying the response of communities to global warming under a gradient of habitat loss/degradation, I show that community adjustment is reduced or even prevented by wetland degradation. The Ramsar Convention aims to protect wetlands and their biodiversity by maintaining a rational use of natural resources. In assessing the effect of this convention, I show that its effectiveness in conserving bird populations depends on the implementation of other protection tools, but that its role is crucial in countries where environmental legislation is weak. Finally, I assess the capacity of international conventions to facilitate community adjustment to global warming by reducing population pressures. I compared the communities' response between countries that have ratified the Bern Convention, those that have started its strictly regulatory application under the Birds Directive (European Union) and those that have not ratified these conventions. The result is clear, the more precise and strictly regulatory the regulations, the more communities and strictly protected species adjust to the increase in temperatures.In conclusion, human activities are a threat to biodiversity, but conservation measures, by reducing pressures on populations, facilitate their adaptation to climate change. Waterbird conservation requires international collaboration and the establishment of strictly regulatory laws to protect wetlands and species, while ensuring sustainable use of resources

    Importance des politiques de conservation pour faciliter l'ajustement des communautés d'oiseaux d'eau hivernants au réchauffement climatique en Méditerranée

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    Human activities seriously threaten biodiversity. In terms of global changes, overexploitation of populations and habitat destruction/degradation are at the top of the list of factors responsible for biodiversity loss. Climate change is increasing in magnitude and adding additional pressure on species. In response to the increase in global temperatures, communities are changing as a result of the shift in the geographical distribution of species towards the poles. But the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures is likely to produce interaction effects that limit community adjustment to global warming. In this critical context, conservation biology aims to reconcile human activities with biodiversity conservation. In this thesis I have investigate how the accumulation of anthropogenic pressures can limit the adjustment of communities to global warming and to identify solutions that could be put in place to facilitate their adaptation to this warming. I have used the wintering waterbird species in the countries of the Mediterranean basin as a model for my study. These iconic species benefit from an international census to monitor their populations in response to hunting and the degradation of the wetlands on which they depend. The Mediterranean is a highly anthropized region where the use of natural resources exerts significant pressures on wetlands and their biodiversity. In response, countries have different strategies to protect these ecosystems, making this region an interesting experimental plan to measure the impact in global changes on species assemblage based on conservation measures implemented. By studying the response of communities to global warming under a gradient of habitat loss/degradation, I show that community adjustment is reduced or even prevented by wetland degradation. The Ramsar Convention aims to protect wetlands and their biodiversity by maintaining a rational use of natural resources. In assessing the effect of this convention, I show that its effectiveness in conserving bird populations depends on the implementation of other protection tools, but that its role is crucial in countries where environmental legislation is weak. Finally, I assess the capacity of international conventions to facilitate community adjustment to global warming by reducing population pressures. I compared the communities' response between countries that have ratified the Bern Convention, those that have started its strictly regulatory application under the Birds Directive (European Union) and those that have not ratified these conventions. The result is clear, the more precise and strictly regulatory the regulations, the more communities and strictly protected species adjust to the increase in temperatures.In conclusion, human activities are a threat to biodiversity, but conservation measures, by reducing pressures on populations, facilitate their adaptation to climate change. Waterbird conservation requires international collaboration and the establishment of strictly regulatory laws to protect wetlands and species, while ensuring sustainable use of resources.Les activitĂ©s humaines menacent gravement la biodiversitĂ©. Sous le terme de changements globaux, la sur-exploitation des populations et la destruction/dĂ©gradation des habitats arrivent en tĂȘte de liste des facteurs responsables de l’érosion de la biodiversitĂ©. Le changement climatique gagne en magnitude et ajoute une pression supplĂ©mentaire sur les espĂšces. En rĂ©ponse Ă  l’augmentation des tempĂ©ratures du globe, les communautĂ©s se rĂ©organisent suite au dĂ©placement de la distribution gĂ©ographique des espĂšces vers les pĂŽles. Mais l’accumulation des pressions anthropiques est susceptible de produire des effets d’interaction limitant l’ajustement des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique. Dans ce contexte critique, la biologie de la conservation a pour but de concilier les activitĂ©s humaines avec la conservation de la biodiversitĂ©. Dans cette thĂšse j’ai cherchĂ© Ă  comprendre comment l’accumulation des pressions anthropiques peut limiter l’ajustement des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique et Ă  identifier les solutions qui pourraient ĂȘtre mises en place pour faciliter leur adaptation Ă  ce rĂ©chauffement. J’ai pris pour modĂšle d’étude les espĂšces d’oiseaux d’eau hivernants dans les pays du bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en. Ces espĂšces emblĂ©matiques bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un dĂ©nombrement international destinĂ© Ă  suivre leurs populations en rĂ©ponse aux prĂ©lĂšvements par la chasse et Ă  la dĂ©gradation des zones humides dont elles dĂ©pendent. La MĂ©diterranĂ©e est une rĂ©gion fortement anthropisĂ©e oĂč l’utilisation des ressources naturelles exerce d’importantes pressions sur les zones humides et leur biodiversitĂ©. En rĂ©ponse, les pays ont diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies pour protĂ©ger ces Ă©cosystĂšmes, ce qui fait de cette rĂ©gion un plan expĂ©rimental intĂ©ressant pour mesurer l’impact dans changements globaux sur l’assemblage des espĂšces en fonction des mesures de conservation mises en oeuvre. En Ă©tudiant la rĂ©ponse des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique sous un gradient de perte/dĂ©gradation d’habitat, je montre que l’ajustement des communautĂ©s est rĂ©duit, voire empĂȘchĂ©, par la dĂ©gradation des zones humides. La Convention Ramsar vise justement Ă  protĂ©ger les zones humides et leur biodiversitĂ© en maintenant une exploitation raisonnĂ©e des ressources naturelles. En Ă©valuant l’effet de cette convention, je montre que son efficacitĂ© Ă  conserver les populations d’oiseaux est dĂ©pendante de l’implĂ©mentation d’autres outils de protection, mais que son rĂŽle est crucial dans les pays oĂč la lĂ©gislation environnementale est faible. Enfin, j’évalue la capacitĂ© des conventions internationales Ă  faciliter l’ajustement des communautĂ©s au rĂ©chauffement climatique grĂące Ă  la rĂ©duction des pressions qui s’exercent sur les populations. J’ai comparĂ© la rĂ©ponse des communautĂ©s entre les pays ayant ratifiĂ© la Convention de Berne, ceux ayant engagĂ© son application strictement rĂ©glementaire sous la Directive Oiseaux (Union EuropĂ©enne) et ceux n’ayant pas ratifiĂ© ces conventions. Le rĂ©sultat est clair, plus la rĂ©glementation est prĂ©cise et strictement rĂ©glementaire, plus les communautĂ©s et les espĂšces strictement protĂ©gĂ©es s’ajustent Ă  l’augmentation des tempĂ©ratures.En conclusion, les activitĂ©s humaines sont une menace pour la biodiversitĂ©, mais les mesures de conservation, en rĂ©duisant les pressions sur les populations facilitent leur adaptation au changement climatique. La conservation des oiseaux d’eau nĂ©cessite une collaboration internationale et l’établissement de lois strictement rĂ©glementaires protĂ©geant les zones humides et les espĂšces, tout en assurant une utilisation durable des ressources

    Cartographie des forĂȘts humides dans la rĂ©gion d’El Kala (AlgĂ©rie) Ă  l’aide des outils d’observation de la Terre

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    Mapping of wet forests using Earth Observation tools in El Kala area (Algeria). Wet forests are among the most threatened and degraded wetland ecosystems in the world. In Algeria, they are mainly represented by specific, fragile and rare forest habitats. The region of El Kala (North-East of Algeria) hosts many unique wetlands (e. g. lakes, marshlands, wet meadows, lagoons, etc.) but also some of the most extended wet forests in North Africa. The main objective of this study is to develop a new mapping approach for the location and the delineation of these ecosystems using Earth Observation (EO) tools. This methodology is based on a combination of topographic and hydro-geomorphological indices derived from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), with spectral variables extracted from Landsat-8 satellite images and in-situ data collected from the field. The final result showed that the studied area hosts more than 3900 ha of wet forests (alder and riparian forests), with an overall accuracy, estimated using field observations, higher than 85 %. This new approach allows mapping the spatial distribution of wet forests at large geographic scales and could be used as a support to facilitate their monitoring, using EO time series, but also to better implement management and conservation measures.Les forĂȘts humides sont parmi les Ă©cosystĂšmes humides les plus dĂ©gradĂ©s et les plus menacĂ©s dans le monde. En AlgĂ©rie, elles reprĂ©sentent un ensemble d’habitats forestiers singuliers, fragiles et rares. La rĂ©gion d’El Kala, Ă  l’extrĂȘme nord-est du pays, abrite de nombreuses zones humides uniques (lacs, marais, prairies humides, lagunes, etc.), parmi lesquelles quelques-unes des plus importantes formations de forĂȘts humides en Afrique du Nord. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude est de dĂ©velopper une nouvelle approche cartographique afin de localiser et de dĂ©limiter ces formations Ă  l’aide des outils d’observation de la Terre. Elle se base sur une combinaison d’indices topographiques et hydro-gĂ©omorphologiques, issus des ModĂšles NumĂ©riques de Terrain (MNT), de variables spectrales calculĂ©es Ă  partir des images Landsat-8 et de donnĂ©es collectĂ©es sur terrain. Le rĂ©sultat final a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence l’existence de plus de 3900 ha de forĂȘts humides (aulnaies plus ripisylves) sur l’ensemble des bassins versants de la rĂ©gion d’El Kala, avec un niveau de fiabilitĂ©, estimĂ© Ă  partir d’observations terrain, supĂ©rieur Ă  85 %. Ainsi, la mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e ici permet de dĂ©finir la distribution spatiale des forĂȘts humides sur de grandes Ă©chelles territoriales, ce qui pourrait grandement faciliter leur suivi diachronique, avec des analyses rĂ©trospectives rendues possible grĂące aux outils de tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection, mais aussi une meilleure implĂ©mentation des outils dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  leur gestion et Ă  leur conservation.Kahli Asma, Belhadj Ghania, Gaget Élie, Merle ClĂ©ment, Guelmami Anis. Cartographie des forĂȘts humides dans la rĂ©gion d’El Kala (AlgĂ©rie) Ă  l’aide des outils d’observation de la Terre. In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 73, n°4, 2018. pp. 431-445

    A More Effective Ramsar Convention for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands

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    International audienceThe Ramsar Convention is the multilateral agreement aimed at protecting wetlands globally. Wetlands are particularly recognized for their role in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot by providing key habitats for endemic and migratory species, directly contributing benefits to the lives of people and being an integral part of their culture. In response to this importance, the Mediterranean Wetlands Observatory publishes Mediterranean Wetland Outlooks (MWOs) on the state and trends of Mediterranean wetlands; the first edition in 2012 (MWO1) and the second edition in 2018 (MWO2). In this paper, we used the results of the two Mediterranean Wetland Outlooks to highlight ways to increase the impact of the Ramsar Convention by identifying the spatial dimensions of detected biodiversity trends as well as the societal developments and estimated impacts of global change and protection status
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