Surgical and non-surgical contraception methods used in males

İnsan ve hayvanlarda aşırı üremeyi önlemek amacıyla eski çağlardan beri kullanılagelen pek çok yöntem hem erkek hem de dişiler için tanımlanmıştır. Üreme faaliyetlerinin devamlı veya geçici bir süre için durdurulması olarak tanımlanan kontrasepsiyonun pratik kullanımı erkeklere oranla dişilerde daha yaygındır. Bununla birlikte, hem insan hem de hayvanların erkek bireylerinde kullanılan değişik kontraseptif yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Cerrahi yöntemler farklı tür erkeklerde radikal bir çözüm olmasına rağmen, bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu gonadotropin sekresyonunun engellenmesi, hormonlara karşı aşı üretilmesi, farklı bitkiler ve sperm-spesifik- antijenlerin kullanılması gibi cerrahi olmayan yöntemler üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Testisin ve sperm kanallarının yapısını bozan kimyasal ajanlar, kontrasepsiyonda etkili olmalarına karşın istenmeyen yangısal durumlara ve ağrı gibi yan etkilere neden olmaktadır. Hormonal aşılar, bitkiler ve sperm-spesifik-antijenler genellikle kısa süreli bir kontrasepsiyon sağlamaktadır.Many methods that have been used preventing overgeneration in humans and animals since ancient times were defined for both males and females. Practical use of contraception, which was defined as the permanent or temporary cessation of reproductive activity, is more common in females than in males. However, there are different contraceptive methods used in males of both humans and animals. Although surgical procedures are the radical solution in different types of males, the vast majority of the works in this field have focused on the non-surgical procedures such as prevention of gonadothropin secretion, producing vaccines against hormones, using different plants, and sperm-specific-antigens. Chemical agents that disrupt the structure of testes and sperm ducts causes undesired side effects such as inflammatory conditions and pain, despite being effective in contraception. Hormonal vaccines, plants and sperm-spesific-antigens often provide a short-term contraceptio

Utjecaj masaže dražice na razine estradiola, testosterona, dehidroepiandrosteron-sulfata i postotka gravidnosti u krava.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of clitoral massage on levels of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) and pregnancy rate in cows. For this purpose, 38 Holstein cows ranging from 3-6 years old were used. The cows were divided into two groups, as control (n=19) and application (n=19). The degree of intensity of oestrus expression was scored on a scale of 0 to 5 by considering knowledge of anamnesis, findings of rectal palpation and inspection as a criteria. All animals of both groups were artificially inseminated by recto-vaginal method with frozen-thawed bull semen. Clitoral massage was applied to the cows in the application group for 15-30 sec. after artificial insemination. Blood samples were then taken from jugular vein and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 m., and serum samples were stored deep-frozen at -20 oC. Levels of E2, T and DHEA-S were determined by RIA method. All animals were examined by rectal palpation of the uterus for pregnancy on day 75 after insemination. Clitoral massage application had no significant effect on the levels of E2, T, DHEA-S and pregnancy rate in cows. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the degree of the intensity of oestrus between control and application groups. A significant negative correlation (P<0.01, r = -0.93) was found between levels of E2 and T.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj klitoralne masaže na razine estradiola, testosterona, dehidroepiandrosteron-sulfata i postotak gravidnosti u krava. U tu svrhu pretraženo je 38 krava holštajnske pasmine u dobi od tri do šest godina. Krave su bile podijeljene u kontrolnu i pokusnu skupinu pri čemu je svaka skupina sadržavala po 19 životinja. Stupanj pokazivanja znakova estrusa bio je ocijenjen po skali od 0 do 5 uzimajući u obzir anamnestičke podatke, nalaz rektalne pretrage i promatranje kao kriterije. Sve životinje bile su umjetno osjemenjene smrznutom spermom klasičnom bimanualnom metodom. Masaža dražice provedena je u krava pokusne skupine u tijeku od 15 do 30 sekundi nakon UO. Uzorci krvi uzeti iz v. jugularis, potom centrifugirani na 5000/5 min, a uzorci seruma bili su pohranjeni na -20 °C. Za određivanje razine estradiola, testosterona, dehidroepiandrosteron-sulfata rabljena je RIA. Sve životinje su pregledane rektalno 75 dana nakon UO. Masaža dražice nije značajno utjecala na razine estradiola, testosterona, dehidroepiandrosteron-sulfata kao ni na postotak gravidnosti u krava. Postojala je značajna razlika (P<0,05) u stupnju i jačini estrusa između kontrolne i pokusne skupine. Značajna negativna korelacija (P<0,01, r = -0,93) ustanovljena je između razina estradiola i testosterona

Effects of cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) bark oil against taxanes-induced damages in sperm quality, testicular and epididymal oxidant/antioxidant balance, testicular apoptosis, and sperm DNA integrity

The aim of this study was to investigate whether cinnamon bark oil (CBO) has protective effect on taxanes-induced adverse changes in sperm quality, testicular and epididymal oxidant/antioxidant balance, testicular apoptosis, and sperm DNA integrity. For this purpose, 88 adult male rats were equally divided into 8 groups: control, CBO, docetaxel (DTX), paclitaxel (PTX), DTX+PTX, DTX+CBO, PTX+CBO, and DTX+PTX+CBO. CBO was given by gavage daily for 10 weeks at the dose of 100 mg/kg. DTX and PTX were administered by intraperitoneal injection at the doses of 5 and 4 mg/ kg/week, respectively, for 10 weeks. DTX+PTX and DTX+PTX+CBO groups were treated with DTX during first 5 weeks and PTX during next 5 weeks. DTX, PTX, and their mixed administrations caused significant decreases in absolute and relative weights of all reproductive organs, testosterone level, sperm motility, concentration, glutathione level, and catalase activity in testicular and epididymal tissues. They also significantly increased abnormal sperm rate, testicular and epididymal malondialdehyde level, apoptotic germ cell number, and sperm DNA fragmentation and significantly damaged the histological structure of testes. CBO consumption by DTX-, PTX-, and DTX+PTX-treated rats provided significant ameliorations in decreased relative weights of reproductive organs, decreased testosterone, decreased sperm quality, imbalanced oxidant/ antioxidant system, increased apoptotic germ cell number, rate of sperm with fragmented DNA, and severity of testicular histopathological lesions induced by taxanes. In conclusion, taxanes cause impairments in sperm quality, testicular and epididymal oxidant/antioxidant balance, testicular histopathological structure, and sperm DNA integrity, and long-term CBO consumption protects male reproductive system of rats.Erciyes University—The Scientific Research Projects of Turkey (ERUBAP); Project number: TCD-2013-4247

Ameliorating effect of pomegranate juice consumption on carbon tetrachloride-induced sperm damages, lipid peroxidation, and testicular apoptosis

The aim of this study was to investigate whether pomegranate juice (PJ) consumption has an ameliorating effect on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced sperm damages and testicular apoptosis associated with the oxidative stress in male rats. The study comprised of four groups (groups 1–4). Group 1 received olive oil þ distilled water daily; group 2 was treated with 5 ml/kg PJ þ olive oil daily; group 3 was treated with 0.25 ml/kg CCl4 dissolved in olive oil, weekly þ distilled water daily; and group 4 received weekly CCl4 þ daily PJ. All administrations were performed by gavage and maintained for 10 weeks. CCl4 administration caused significant decreases in body and reproductive organ weights, sperm motility, concentration and testicular catalase activity, significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and abnormal sperm rate and apoptotic index along with some histopathological damages when compared with the control group. However, significant ameliorations were observed in absolute weights of testis and epididymis, all sperm quality parameters, MDA level, apoptotic index, and testicular histopathological structure following the administration of CCl4 together with PJ when compared with group given CCl4 only. In conclusion, PJ consumption ameliorates the CCl4-induced damages in male reproductive organs and cells by decreasing the lipid peroxidation

Ekstrakt lovorvišnje ublažava štetno djelovanje dimetoata na reproduktivnu funkciju i apoptozu stanica u testisu štakora

Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) fruit is rich in vitamins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant effect. The aim of this study was to investigate how effective its extract would be against dimethoate-induced testis and sperm damage in rats. Sixty animals were divided in six groups of 10. Group 1 (control) received only 1 mL of saline (0.9 % NaCl). Group 2 received 7 mg/kg of dimethoate in 1 mL of saline. Group 3 received 4 mg/kg of extract in 1 mL of saline. Group 4 received the extract 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 5 received vitamin C (positive control, 100 mg/kg in 1 mL of saline) 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 6 received only dimethoate for the first four weeks and then a combination of dimethoate and extract for another four weeks. All doses were administered daily by oral gavage. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanized and their reproductive organs removed. We took their body and reproductive organ weights and evaluated testicular oxidative stress, semen characteristics, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and histopathological changes. Dimethoate significantly decreased body and reproductive organ weights, sperm motility and concentration, testicular superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-peroxidase activities and significantly increased lipid peroxidation, abnormal sperm rate, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and caused histopathological lesions. Cherry laurel extract significantly countered many dimethoate-induced adverse effects, both as pre- and post-treatment, including reproductive organ weight, semen parameters, oxidant-antioxidant balance, sperm DNA integrity, testicular apoptosis, and histological structure. Our findings clearly suggest that the beneficial effects of the extract are associated with countering oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in particular.Dimetoat je organofosforni insekticid koji uzrokuje oksidacijski stres i oštećuje mnoge organe, uključujući reproduktivne. Plod lovorvišnje (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) bogat je vitaminima i fenolnim spojevima s antioksidacijskim djelovanjem. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio utvrditi djelotvornost njegova ekstrakta protiv oštećenja testisa i spermija u mužjaka štakora izloženih dimetoatu. Njih 60 podijeljeno je nasumce u šest skupina od deset životinja. Prva je (kontrolna) skupina primala samo 1 mL fiziološke otopine (0,9 % NaCl), druga skupina 7 mg/kg dimetoata u 1 mL fiziološke otopine, treća skupina 4 mg/kg ekstrakta lovorvišnje u 1 mL fiziološke otopine, četvrta skupina ekstrakt 30 minuta prije primjene dimetoata, peta skupina vitamin C (pozitivna kontrola, 100 mg/kg u 1 mL fiziološke otopine) 30 min prije primjene dimetoata, a šesta skupina primala je dimetoat u prva četiri tjedna, potom kombinaciju dimetoata i ekstrakta lovorvišnje u sljedeća četiri tjedna. Sve navedene doze davane su svaki dan gavažom. Nakon osam tjedana primjene, štakori su eutanazirani, a njihovi reproduktivni organi odstranjeni. Izmjerena im je ukupna tjelesna masa i masa reproduktivnih organa te ocijenjen oksidacijski stres u testisima, značajke sjemena, oštećenja DNA spermija, apoptoza u testisima i histopatološke promjene. Dimetoat je značajno smanjio masu tijela i organa, gibljivost i koncentraciju spermija te aktivnost superoksid dismutaze i glutation-peroksidaze, a značajno povisio lipidnu peroksidaciju, postotak abnormalnih spermija, oštećenje DNA spermija, apoptozu u testisima te uzrokovao histopatološke promjene tkiva. Ekstrakt lovorvišnje značajno je ublažio te štetne učinke, bilo da je davan prije ili nakon dimetoata. Naši rezultati jasno upućuju na blagotvorno djelovanje toga ekstrakta, koje je povezano sa zaštitom od oksidacijskoga stresa, napose od lipidne peroksidacije

Studies on the reproductive effects of chronic treatment with agomelatine in the rat

Agomelatine is an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action. It is a melatonergic agonist for MT1 and MT2 receptors and a serotonin (5-HT2C) receptor antagonist. Agomelatine has been suggested not to have adverse effects on sexual functions. However, the effects of chronic agomelatine administration on reproductive functions have not been sufficiently studied in animal models. We mainly aimed to explore the effects of agomelatine on reproductive functions in the male and female rats. For the experimental studies, Sprague Dawley rats were used. The animals started to receive daily oral agomelatine (10mg/kg) on post-natal day 21. Agomelatine advanced vaginal opening in the female rats whereas it delayed puberty onset in the male rats. Agomelatine treatment significantly decreased intromission frequencies, which indicates a facilitator role of this antidepressant on male sexual behavior. In the forced swimming test (FST) used for assessing antidepressant efficacy, agomelatine induced a significant decrease in duration of immobility, and an increase in the swimming time, respectively, which confirms the antidepressant-like activity of agomelatine. The present findings suggest that agomelatine shows a strong antidepressant effect in the male rats without any adverse influences on sexual behavior, and its effects on pubertal maturation seem to show sex-dependent differences.TÜBiTAK – 113S19

Physiologic and pathologic effects of reactive oxygen species on spermatozoon functions

Reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) radikal ve radikal olmayan oksijen moleküllerinden oluşmaktadır. ROS genel anlamda bilinen patolojik etkilerinden başka hücrelerde fizyolojik etkilere de sahiptir. Patolojik etki yüksek, fizyolojik etki ise düşük düzeylerde ROS üretimi ile ilişkilidir. Aşırı ROS üretimi spermatozonlarda lipid, protein ve karbonhidrat peroksidasyonuna, DNA hasarı ve apoptoza neden olurken düşük ROS üretimi (fizyolojik düzey) ise olgunlaşma, kapasitasyon, hiperaktivasyon, akrozom reaksiyonu ve spermatozoon-oosit füzyonu gibi spermatozoonların normal fonksiyonları için gereklidir. Spermatogenesisde aksama, spermatozoon motilitesi ve sayısında azalma, anormal spermatozoon oranında artış ve fertilizasyon bozuklukları endojen ve egzojen kaynaklı aşırı ROS üretiminin neden olduğu spermatozoal hasarlardandır. Bu derlemede radikal ve radikal olmayan ROS, bu türlerin spermatozoon fonksiyonları üzerindeki fizyolojik ve patolojik etkileri ile endojen ve egzojen ROS kaynakları hakkında detaylı bilgiler sunulmaktadır.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) consist of radical and non-radical oxygen molecules. ROS has also physiologic effects on the cells unlike its known pathologic effects in general. Pathologic and physiologic effects are associated with high and low levels of ROS production, respectively. While excessive ROS production causes peroxidation of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, DNA damage and apoptosis in spermatozoa, low level of ROS production (physiologic level) is required for normal functions of spermatozoa like maturation, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and spermatozoon-oocyte fusion. Spermatogenic arrest, decrease in spermatozoon motility and count, increase in abnormal spermatozoon rate and fertilization failures are the damages induced by excessive ROS production originated from endogenous and exogenous sources. Detailed information about radical and non-radical ROS, their physiologic and pathologic effects on spermatozoon functions and their endogenous and exogenous sources are presented in this review