A case of bronchogenic adenocarcinoma in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

A spontaneous case of bronchogenic adenocarcinoma in an adult female albino guinea pig characterized by presence of proliferative neoplastic bronchial epithelial cells forming nests, and vacuolation in the liver parenchyma, is reported

Using Raman spectroscopy for early detection of resistance-breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus in tomatoes

Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease caused by tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV, Orthotospovirus tomatomaculae) poses a significant threat to specialty and staple crops worldwide by causing over a billion dollars in crop losses annually. Current strategies for TSWV diagnosis heavily rely on nucleic acid or protein-based techniques which require significant technical expertise, and are invasive, time-consuming, and expensive, thereby catalyzing the search for better alternatives. In this study, we explored the potential of Raman spectroscopy (RS) in early detection of TSW in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner. Specifically, we investigated whether RS could be used to detect strain specific TSW symptoms associated with four TSWV strains infecting three differentially resistant tomato cultivars. In the acquired spectra, we observed notable reductions in the intensity of vibrational peaks associated with carotenoids. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we confirmed that TSWV caused a substantial decrease in the concentration of lutein that was detected by RS. Finally, we demonstrated that Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) could be used to differentiate strain-specific TSW symptoms across all tested cultivars. These results demonstrate that RS can be a promising solution for early diagnosis of TSW, enabling timely disease intervention and thereby mitigating crop losses inflicted by TSWV

Synthesis and Biological Assessment of Carbazole Linked Pyrazole Schiff bases and Diarylthiourea Derivatives

In this study, (E)-9-ethyl-N-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethylene)-9H-carbazol-3-amine (3a–f) and 1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-3-phenylthiourea (5a–f) derivatives were synthesized and their in vitro antimicrobial and antimalarial activities were evaluated. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated and confirmed by using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF RAPIDLY DIS INTEGRATING FILM OF AMLODIPINE BES YLATE

Fast-dissolving drug-delivery systems were first developed in the late 1970s as an alternative to tablets, capsules, and syrups. Fast dissolving oral films (FDOFs) are the most advanced form of  oral solid dosage form due to more flexibility and comfort. It improve the efficacy of APIs by dissolving within minute in oral cavity after the contact with less saliva as compared to fast dissolving tablets, without chewing and no need of water for admin istration. The FDOFs place as an alternative in the market due to the consumer’s preference for a fast dissolving product over conventional tablets / capsules. The oral thin-film technology is still in the beginning stages and has bright future ahead because it fulfils all the need of patients. Eventually, film formulations having drug/s will be commercially launched using the oral film technology. In the present study fast dissolving film of  Amlodipine Besylate was prepared using sodium alginate as film forming polymer. To decrease the disintegration time of formulationssodium starch glycolate was used as disintegrating agent. A full 32factorial design was applied using concentration of polymer and disintegrant as independent variable and disintegration time and % cumulative drug release as dependent variable. Response surface curves were plotted. Batch F6 was found to be the optimized batch as its disintegration was completed within the minimum time as compared to all other batches. The formulation (F6) was also showing sufficient drug release after 6 min. All the nine formulation was showing approximately 70-85% drug release after 6 mi

Docosahexaenoic Acid Increases the Potency of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor in Alleviating Streptozotocin-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Complications of Diabetes

Diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and it is associated with significant memory loss. In the present study, we hypothesized that the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor N-[1-(1-oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N’-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-urea (also known as TPPU) could alleviate diabetes-aggravated Alzheimer’s disease-like symptoms by improving memory and cognition, and reducing the oxidative stress and inflammation associated with this condition. Also, we evaluated the effect of edaravone, an antioxidant on diabetes-induced Alzheimer’s-like complications and the additive effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the efficacy of TPPU. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneally administering streptozotocin (STZ). Six weeks after induction of diabetes, animals were either treated with vehicle, edaravone (3 or 10 mg/kg), TPPU (1 mg/kg) or TPPU (1 mg/kg) + DHA (100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. The results demonstrate that the treatments increased the memory response of diabetic rats, in comparison to untreated diabetic rats. Indeed, DHA + TPPU were more effective than TPPU alone in reducing the symptoms monitored. All drug treatments reduced oxidative stress and minimized inflammation in the brain of diabetic rats. Expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) was increased in the brain of diabetic rats. Treatment with edaravone (10 mg/kg), TPPU or TPPU + DHA minimized the level of APP. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which metabolizes acetylcholine was increased in the brain of diabetic rats. All the treatments except edaravone (3 mg/kg) were effective in decreasing the activity of AChE and TPPU + DHA was more efficacious than TPPU alone. Intriguingly, the histological changes in hippocampus after treatment with TPPU + DHA showed significant protection of neurons against STZ-induced neuronal damage. Overall, we found that DHA improved the efficacy of TPPU in increasing neuronal survival and memory, decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation possibly by stabilizing anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective epoxides of DHA. In the future, further evaluating the detailed mechanisms of action of sEH inhibitor and DHA could help to develop a strategy for the management of Alzheimer’s-like complications in diabetes

A retrospective evaluation of haematological values in clinical cases of water buffaloes

Aim: To evaluate the important haematological values of the retrospective clinical cases of buffaloes presented to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital of the College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana over a period of 4 years from January 2007 to December 2010. Materials and methods: The blood was collected from jugular vein in EDTA containing vials. Statistical analysis of haematological values with different case history/clinical signs was performed using SPSS 16.0 version by applying one way ANOVA at P<0.05. Clinical pathology of these cases was monitored by comparing hemogram values with the reference range. Results: The most common disorders found in water buffaloes were digestive disorders followed by fever and respiratory disorders. Haematological values viz. TLC, DLC (neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts) showed significant differences depending upon the case history/clinical signs while haemoglobin count was found to be statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion: TLC and DLC are found to be the important indicators of health status of water buffaloes in general which are more related to clinical history/clinical signs of this species than other the haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin count. [Vet World 2013; 6(2.000): 103-105

Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.7/Jan-2014/2.pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access

Studies on acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid λ-cyhalothrin on freshwater fish Labeo rohit

Molecular detection of Leptospira spp. from canine kidney tissues and its association with renal lesions

Aim: The study aimed to detect the prevalence of Leptospira spp. in kidney tissues collected during necropsy and to establish its association with renal lesions in dogs of Mumbai region. Materials and Methods: Kidney tissues from 40 dogs were collected during necropsy after gross examination and then fixed in neutral buffered formalin and Bouin's fluid for histopathology and histochemistry, respectively. Kidney tissues were also collected for the detection of Leptospira spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a sterile container and stored at -80°C until further processing. Results: Of 40 cases studied, 13 (32.5%) cases showed lesions of nephritis of varying histotype and severity. Glomerulonephritis was reported as the most common type of nephritis in 9 (69.23%) cases, and interstitial nephritis was recorded in 4 (30.76%) cases. Chronic and acute interstitial nephritis was observed in two cases each. Renal failure as a cause of death was found in 7 (17.5%) dogs. Of a total of 40 cases, 9 were found positive for pathogenic Leptospira spp. genome by PCR. However, of nine PCR-positive cases, only four cases showed lesions in kidneys as glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis in two cases each. The rest five cases positive for Leptospira spp. by PCR did not show any appreciable lesions in the kidneys. Conclusion: Leptospiral DNA was detected in 9 (22.5%) cases by PCR. Of these nine cases, only four cases showed renal lesions. Other five cases which were positive for Leptospira spp. by PCR did not show any appreciable gross and microscopic lesions in the kidneys which might be carriers for Leptospira spp. Considering variable reports on types of nephritis in Leptospira spp. infection and also the prevalence of non-pathogenic Leptospira spp., it is important to conduct an extensive study on the prevalence of Leptospira spp. and its association with renal lesions involving batteries of tests