Drug repurposing in the treatment of COVID-19: A review

The first outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019 and declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Currently, there is no proven effective vaccine or therapeutic agent to combat the deadly coronavirus disease. Currently, prevention from the infection, control measures and supportive care help to treat against COVID-19. Until an effective vaccine is available for COVID-19 infection, one can repurpose known therapeutic agents that block the entry of the virus into the host cell and control the COVID-19 infection. Drug repurposing is the new use of old drugs. In this review, the most common and possible drug treatment for COVID-19 is highlighted. The therapeutic agents include antiviral drugs like Remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, favipiravir and oseltamivir and other agents. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these therapeutic agents in COVID-19 patients

Performance evaluation of a 2 MW wind power project

This work is the analysis of the energy generation of a 2 MW wind power project installed at Motha, District Amaravati, in the state of Maharashtra. The various availabilities of the wind power project were studied for the efficient energy production of the project. It was observed that 92.72 percent of the system was available for energy generation throughout the year. The energy generation data with the various shutdowns of the system was studied. The energy generation of the system was studied in terms of the plant load factor or the capacity factor. Capacity factor was observed to be 21.16 percent with the total energy generation unit being 3.73 MWh

Performance evaluation of a 2 MW wind power project

This work is the analysis of the energy generation of a 2 MW wind power project installed at Motha, District Amaravati, in the state of Maharashtra. The various availabilities of the wind power project were studied for the efficient energy production of the project. It was observed that 92.72 percent of the system was available for energy generation throughout the year. The energy generation data with the various shutdowns of the system was studied. The energy generation of the system was studied in terms of the plant load factor or the capacity factor. Capacity factor was observed to be 21.16 percent with the total energy generation unit being 3.73 MWh

Design and development of a 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for a wood-chip gasifier

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop a filter system for a 20 kW engine application and to test the filter. It was observed that tar content in the gas ranged from 12.4 to 85 mg/m3 , which was considered on the higher side, in some cases, compared from an accepted limit of 50 mg/m3 . The 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for cleaning of producer gas was developed by calculating the gas flow and maximum retention time in the filter. The diameter of these three filters, viz., water scrubber, wet filter and dry filter was calculated from retention time and velocity in the filter, which was found to be 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m respectively, with filter height of 0.80 m. The developed filter was evaluated for reduction of tar in the producer gas after cleaning. The tar content in the producer gas after filtration by using the system varies from 24 to 53.52 mg/m3 . The tar absorption using this filter system was 99.35%, while the pressure drop varied between 10 to 25 mm of the water column. The system was also operated by coupling with a small capacity IC engine. The diesel replacement was found to be in the range of 65.66 %

Design and development of a 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for a wood-chip gasifier

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop a filter system for a 20 kW engine application and to test the filter. It was observed that tar content in the gas ranged from 12.4 to 85 mg/m3 , which was considered on the higher side, in some cases, compared from an accepted limit of 50 mg/m3 . The 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for cleaning of producer gas was developed by calculating the gas flow and maximum retention time in the filter. The diameter of these three filters, viz., water scrubber, wet filter and dry filter was calculated from retention time and velocity in the filter, which was found to be 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m respectively, with filter height of 0.80 m. The developed filter was evaluated for reduction of tar in the producer gas after cleaning. The tar content in the producer gas after filtration by using the system varies from 24 to 53.52 mg/m3 . The tar absorption using this filter system was 99.35%, while the pressure drop varied between 10 to 25 mm of the water column. The system was also operated by coupling with a small capacity IC engine. The diesel replacement was found to be in the range of 65.66 %

Quantum gas-enabled direct mapping of active current density in percolating networks of nanowires

Electrically percolating nanowire networks are amongst the most promising candidates for next-generation transparent electrodes. Scientific interest in these materials stems from their intrinsic current distribution heterogeneity, leading to phenomena like percolating pathway re-routing and localized self-heating, which can cause irreversible damage. Without an experimental technique to resolve the current distribution, and an underpinning nonlinear percolation model, one relies on empirical rules and safety factors to engineer these materials. We introduce Bose-Einstein microscopy to address the long-standing problem of imaging active current flow in 2D materials. We report on improvement of the performance of this technique, whereby observation of dynamic redistribution of current pathways becomes feasible. We show how this, combined with existing thermal imaging methods, eliminates the need for assumptions between electrical and thermal properties. This will enable testing and modelling individual junction behaviour and hotspot formation. Investigating both reversible and irreversible mechanisms will contribute to the advancement of devices with improved performance and reliability

Ethno-veterinary medicinal uses of garlic (Allium sativum) by livestock rearers

426-435Garlic (Allium sativum) is used as an important ingredient in the traditional veterinary ethno-medicine since long time among the farmers. The knowledge of the use of garlic individually or additively with other ingredients is scattered in different regions as well as literature. The study was undertaken during 2018-19 to screen the ITKs available in the different sources in which the use of garlic is predominant in ethno-veterinary practices and validate these ITKs with the experts. The validation of ITK was done with 30 experts having the experience in veterinary and ITK practices for their relevance in scientific scenario. The responses of experts for validation were taken on 3-point validity continuum. Out of 46 formulations of garlic with other herbal additives, 56.52% were claimed to have the score above 120 out of 150, showing their wider applicability and validity in ethno-veterinary practice. Ethno-veterinary use of garlic was found for curing cough, cold, fever, urinary problems like oliguria & anuria, bloat, foot and mouth disease, pleuropneumonia, otalgia, dog bite, snake bite, trembling, respiratory system disorder like pleuritis and pneumonia, yoke gall, bone fracture, flatulence, wounds and gangrene. Due to allicin and other sulfur compounds, garlic has antibiotic, antibacterial and antimycotic properties. Ready availability of garlic in every household can be a cost effective first aid or emergency prescription to the livestock rearers who have no immediate access to modern veterinary facilities

Ethno-veterinary medicinal uses of garlic (allium sativum) by livestock rearer

Garlic (Allium Sativum) is used as an important ingredient in the traditional veterinary ethno-medicine since long time among the folk communities. The knowledge of the use of garlic individually or additively with other ingredients is scattered in different regions as well as literatures. The study was undertaken to screen the ITKs available in the different sources in which the use of Garlic is predominant in ethno-veterinary practices and validate these ITKs with the experts. The validation of ITK was done with 30 experts for their relevance in scientific scenario. The responses of experts for validation were taken on 3-point validity continuum. Out of 47 formulations of garlic with other herbal additives, 57.44 per cent were claimed to have the score above 120 out of 150, shows their wider applicability and validity in ethnoveterinary practice. Ethno-veterinary use of Garlic was found for curing cough, cold, fever, urinary problems like oliguria & anuria, bloat, foot and mouth disease, pleuropneumonia, otalgia, dog bite, snake bite, trembling, respiratory system disorder like pleuritis and pneumonia, yoke gall, bone fracture, flatulence, wounds and gangrene. Due to allicin and other sulfur compounds, garlic has antibiotic, antibacterial and antimycotic properties. As garlic is readily available in every household can be a cost effective first aid or emergency prescription to the livestock rearer who have no immediate access to modern veterinary facilities

Validation of ethno-veterinary medicinal practices of onion (Allium cepa L.)

775-783Onion (Allium cepa) is an important medicinal herb apart from its culinary uses. It has wide array of uses in ethnoveterinary medicine since long time. The study was conducted to review, document and validate the ethno-veterinary practices in which onion is a dominant constituent. The validation of the ethno-veterinary practices was done with 30 experts from the relevant scientific field. The responses of experts for validation were taken on a three-point validity continuum. Among the 58 combinations of ingredients, 27.58% scored above 120 and 55.17% were scored ranging 100 to 120 out of 150, showing their wider applicability and validity in ethno-veterinary practices. The results showed that onions have a wide array of uses in ethno-veterinary practices, ranging from treating gastro-intestinal problems like tympany, indigestion and bloat to proven insecticidal anti-parasitic, repellant and antiseptic actions with different dosage and formulations. Onion is effective on various diseases due to unique combination of different compounds including fructans, flavonoids and organosulfur compounds. Validated practices of onion in ethno-veterinary medicine may be useful particularly among poor or remote livestock rearers who can neither afford nor may access expensive or distant conventional healthcare options