Ordinary Resistance: Non-Violent Anti-Colonialism in Africa

Memorable authors like Frantz Fanon believed that nonviolence was a negligible variable for the decolonization process, but colonial history has shown that this mindset is unsound, or at least, presents a form of hasty generalization. This research shows that decolonization, in an attempt to lead to the attainment of independence, should not only be observed from those who fought using violent force but should be studied from the nonviolent perspective. Nonviolence has demonstrated its appeal to a greater audience through student campaigns, the expression of art, and labor unions. These methods have shown to be successful, not just due to their outcome on the corrupt regime, but their impact on the colonized subject. For example, music was a way to express freedom, despite the obvious incarceration that reigned, but it also had a soothing effect on them. The attainment of freedom took place by searching for one’s self through the hardship that prevailed and realizing that expression and contribution were not limited by age, profession, skills, or gender. This paper strives to look past what the weapon carrying soldiers can do, and find what the seemingly helpless women, children, and elderly people can accomplish through their own customary everyday live

Informality and labor market dynamics during economic downturns: Evidence from Egypt

This working paper investigates the evolution of the Egyptian labor market during the world financial crisis period. There has been a mild decline in unemployment, combined with a slight increase in both labor force participation and employment to population ratio. Some subgroups of workers have been more vulnerable than others during the crisis period. The results of this paper concur with the historical experience, which suggests that young, old, unskilled and female workers are more likely to bear the brunt of an economic downturn

High Efficiency, Good phase linearity 0.18 µm CMOS Power Amplifier for MBAN-UWB Applications

This paper presents the design of 3.1-10.6 GHz class AB power amplifier (PA) suitable for medical body area network (MBAN) Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) applications in TSMC 0.18 µm technology. An optimization technique to simultaneously maximize power added efficiency(PAE) and minimize group delay variation is employed. Source and Load-pull contours are used to design inter and output stage matching circuits. The post-layout simulation results indicated that the designed PA has a maximum PAE of 32 % and an output 1-dB compression of 11 dBm at 4 GHz. In addition, a small group delay variation of ± 50 ps was realized over the whole required frequency band . Moreover, the proposed PA has small signal power gain (S21) of 12.5 dB with ripple less than 1.5 dB over the frequency range between 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, while consuming 36 mW

Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver Design for Multipaths Mitigation

Multipath effects are a source of error degrading the accuracy of DGPS signal processing. The statistical models of multipath are determined by user location and, in addition are time varying. There is no unified statistical model for the multipath signal. Therefore the solution of the multipath problem using statistical models is difficult. This research introduces a new estimator that can detect the presence of multipath, can determine the unknown number of multipath components and can estimate multipath parameters in the GPS receiver (time delay and attenuation coefficients). Furthermore the multipath signal parameters are estimated at any instant of observation. The new estimator is based on maximum likelihood estimation applied to multiple observations of a linear model (regression form) of the received signal. In addition, the estimator is based on a recursive deployment of the multipath time delay. An improvement is achieved to the accuracy of multipath estimates at a low signal-to-noise level by applying Kalman filtering as a cascaded estimator. Kalman filtering application can be considered as an important tool for separating the direct path signal from multipath in noise. This dissertation also includes the design of new modified tracking loops endowed with the mentioned estimator: a modified Phase Lock Loop (PLL) for carrier tracking and a modified Delay Locked-Loop (DLL) in the code tracking. The modified loops can properly track the received direct signal in the presence of multipaths where the standard tracking loops are disabled. Simulations of the standard and the modified loops are presented. Tracking and performance in noise are investigated and a future work is suggested

Impacts of Different Water Pollution Sources on Antioxidant Defense Ability in Three Aquatic Macrophytes in Assiut Province, Egypt

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impacts of surface water pollution with wastes coming from sewage effluents (Site 2), agricultural runoff (Site 4) and oils and detergents factory (Site 3) on the stability of leaf membrane (measured as injury %), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ascorbic acid (Asc A), lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll (Chl) content, soluble sugars (SS), soluble proteins (SP) and total free amino acids (TAA) of Cyperus alopeucroides, Persicaria salicifolia and Echinochloa stagnina. Concentration of H2O2, MDA and TAA were higher in the three plants collected from polluted sites as compared with those of plants grown in control Nile site (Site1). The opposite was true for Asc A, SS and SP where their concentrations reduced significantly in response to water pollution. Leaf membrane was more damaged (high injury %) in plants exposed to wastes from different sources than in plants growing at control site. The results of this study indicated that water pollution reduced the oxidative defense abilities in the three plants through reduction of Asc A activities, enhancement of H2O2 production and increasing MDA accumulation. In addition it impaired the metabolic activity through lowering the SS and SP contents and enhancement of TAA accumulation and increase membrane injury. The over production of hydrogen peroxide by the studied aquatic plants under water pollution could be used as an oxygen source needed to oxidize the more resistant organic and inorganic pollutants and used for pollution control and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment

Impact of New Large Aircraft on Airport Flexible Pavements

The objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of New Large Aircraft (NLA) on airport flexible pavement in terms of its expected impact on pavement life. The study is conducted using Hurghada Airport air fleet composition at four hypothetical annual departure levels, four standard subgrade strength categories, and introducing NLA at five different percentages. On the basis of the results of this research, it is concluded that, where an airport has a subgrade with CBR values higher than 6%, airport authority may permit the operation of A380 up to an additional 3% of the existing annual departures without losing more than 10 to 30 percent of pavement life. For airports with CBR values less than 6%, a significant reduction in pavement life as high as 40 to 90% should be anticipated in case of introducing the A380 at 3 percent share in the traffic mix or more. In case of subgrade strength CBR less than 6%, there is a high rate of pavement life reduction due to introduction of A380 up to 2% share in the traffic mix. However, there is a low rate of pavement life reduction due to introduction of A380 from 2% and up to 5% share in the traffic mix. Keywords: Airports, New Large Aircraft, NLA, Flexible pavements, A38

GAMBARAN STATUS KARIES PADA ANAK USIA 12-15 TAHUN YANG MENGKONSUMSI AIR SUMUR AIR GUNUNG DAERAH LHOKNGA KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR

Karies gigi merupakan penyakit jaringan keras gigi yang sering dijumpai pada masyarakat. Karies gigi dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya disebabkan oleh konsentrasi fluor dalam air minum yang dikonsumsi. Kekurangan fluor dalam air minum dapat menyebabkan gigi mudah terkena karies. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran status karies pada anak usia 12-15 tahun yang mengkonsumsi air sumur dan atau air gunung di daerah Lhoknga Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling, seluruh subjek diambil menjadi sampel penelitian yang berjumlah 83 murid. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dari tanggal 28 dan 29 September dengan melakukan pemeriksaan klinis pada subjek penelitian. Status karies diperiksa dengan menggunakan indeks DMF-T. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak usia 12-15 tahun yang mengkonsumsi air sumur dan atau air gunung memiliki status karies dengan nilai DMF-T 2,9 dan termasuk termasuk kategori status karies rendah.Banda Ace

Acrylamide-induced adverse cerebellar changes in rats: possible oligodendrogenic effect of omega 3 and green tea

Background: Humans are widely exposed to acrylamide (ACR) and its neurotoxicity is a significant public health issue attracting wide attention. The aim of the study was to investigate ACR-induced adverse cerebellar changes in rats and study the possible oligodendrogenic effect of omega 3 and green tea. Materials and methods: Twenty-four adult albino rats weighing 150–200 g were randomly divided into four equal groups (6 rats each): control group (Group I), the rats that received ACR 45 mg/kg/day (Group II), the rats that received ACR concomitant with omega 3 at a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day (Group III), the rats that received ACR concomitant with green tea dissolved in drinking water at a dosage of 5 g/L (Group IV). The rats were euthanized after 8 weeks of the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were measured in cerebellar homogenates. Sections of 5 μm thickness from specimens from the cerebellum were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, silver stain and immunohistochemical stains: platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFα; for oligodendrocytes), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; for astrocytes) and BCL2 (antiapoptotic). Results: Omega 3 and green tea had improved MDA and GSH as compared to the ACR group. Histologically, the ACR group showed variable degrees of cellular degeneration. Omega 3 had induced oligodendrogenesis in Group III. The optical density of silver stain was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in Groups III and IV as compared to the ACR group. Area per cent of positive PDGFα was significantly increased in the ACR + omega 3 group as compared to the ACR group. Area per cent of positive GFAP was significantly decreased in Groups III and IV as compared to the ACR group. Area per cent of positive BCL2 was significantly increased in the omega 3-trated group as compared to the ACR group. Conclusions: Concomitant administration of omega 3 or green tea with ACR might mitigate the adverse cerebellar changes caused by ACR thanks to an oligodendrogenic effect of omega 3

A New Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equations of Emden-Fowler Type

In this work, we apply the new homotopy perturbation method (NHPM) to get accurate results for solving systems of nonlinear equations of Emden–Fowler type, we indicate that our method (NHPM) is equivalent  to the variational iteration method (VIM) with a specific convex. Four examples  are given  to illustrate our proposed methods. The method is easy to carry out and gives very accurate solutions for solving linear and nonlinear differential equations