Gastric undifferentiated carcinoma, INI1-negative

Among undifferentiated carcinomas of the digestive system (DS-UC), undifferentiated gastric carcinoma (GUC) is one of the rarest epithelial malignancies of the stomach, accounting for 0.1-0.3% of all gastric carcinomas.1 The limited data on DS-UC/GUC describe them as aggressive, usually at an advanced stage and with a marked tendency to lymph node metastasis, even when still intramucosal.1,2 While for other gastric neoplasms (both epithelial and lymphoid), there are definite etiological correlations, i.e., with infectious agents (Helicobacter pylori or EBV), both the etiology and the molecular pathways of GUC remain largely unknown: the few data available suggest dedifferentiation from a glandular neoplasm (indeed, cases are described in which areas of well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma coexist with GUC); however, this assumption is not always proved, neither from a morphological nor a molecular point of view. Other data indicate a correlation between the alteration of molecular pathways linked to the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, with loss mainly of SMARCB1 (INI1) and some histological forms of GUC, in particular the rhabdoid histotype.3-6 Several variants of DS-UC/GUC are described: anaplastic with marked cellular pleomorphism, sarcomatoid, with osteoclast-like giant cells and lymphoepithelioma-like;1 however, the aforementioned INI1-negative rhabdoid is the most commonly reported histo-molecular variant, both in the stomach and in the whole digestive system.3-6 It is worth mentioning that the most frequent location of INI1-negative tumors is in the head and neck region, while gastroenteric ones are extremely rare.7 The photo above refers to an 84-year-old woman found unconscious at home due to an unknown cause. On admission to the hospital, jaundice and acute liver failure were observed together with the presence of a mesogastric mass strongly suspected on radiology to be neoplastic. Before any further diagnostic/therapeutic steps could be taken, death occurred. The autopsy reveals the presence of a large antral neoplasm with a maximum diameter of 5.5 cm (Figure 1A), with numerous perigastric and peripancreatic enlarged lymph nodes of metastatic significance. The voluminous neoplasia causes ab-extrinsic compression of the extrahepatic biliary tract, macroscopically justifying jaundice found at admission. The liver shows multiple intraparenchymal whitish dots, while the other organs examined, both abdominal (intra- and extraperitoneal) and thoracic and intracranial, show no significant macroscopic lesions. Figure 1 A - macroscopic view of the gastric mucosa with a large centrally depressed and ulcerated antral neoplasm (scale bar = 5 cm); B - photomicrograph of the gastric lesion, showing the presence of a neoplasm with atypical non-cohesive, round/rhabdoid cells, with scant cytoplasm and frequent mitotic figures (H&E, 60x); C - immunohistochemistry, showing focal positivity ‘dot-like’ for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA); D - immunohistochemistry of liver metastases, indicating loss of expression for INI1 in the neoplastic cells (on the left), whereas INI1 expression is retained in the nuclei of hepatocytes (on the right).: Microscopically, the neoplasm is composed of medium-sized undifferentiated/rhabdoid cells with numerous mitoses, intratumoral necrosis, and intermingled lymphocytes (Figure 1B). The neoplasm infiltrates the gastric wall also with serosa involvement and lymphatic and hematic embolization, which corresponds histologically to widespread lymph node and hepatic metastatic localization (the latter also explains the liver failure clinically observed). Immunohistochemistry shows a focal positivity for MNF116 broad-spectrum cytokeratins and a dot-like expression of EMA (Figure 1C) and Vimentin. At the same time, it is negative for muscle markers (Actin, Desmin, Myogenin, Calponin, and Caldesmon), neuroendocrine markers (Chromogranin, Synaptophysin, NSE, and CD56), hematolymphoid lineage markers (CD45, CD3, CD20, CD79alpha, CD68, CD138, MPO) and melanocytic markers (S100, Melan-A, HMB-45). EBV, CD99, CD117, SALL4, and Glypican3 were also negative. Finally, the absence of expression of INI1 (Figure 1D) is noteworthy. From a strictly microscopic point of view, the features of the neoplastic cells suggest the differential diagnosis between a GUC, an EBV-associated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma, an aggressive lymphoma, a metastatic melanoma, a germ cell neoplasm, a PEComa, and a rhabdomyosarcoma (or other types of sarcomas with epithelioid/rhabdoid pattern).1 Based on the overall immunomorphological data, which allows us to exclude the other aforementioned hypotheses, we make the final diagnosis of GUC with rhabdoid morphological aspects and, according to the literature, lack of immunophenotypic expression for INI1

Adrenal carcinoma in a potential organ donor: a case of "unacceptable" oncological risk for transplantation

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A microcystic/reticular schwannoma in an unusual site: description of a retroperitoneal location and review of the literature

: Microcystic/reticular (MRV) schwannoma has been described since 2008, but remains a rarely encountered entity. MRV has a predilection for visceral locations and has variable histologic appareances. Given its rarity and anatomic variability, this entity could raise differential diagnostic issues with other tumours and malignancies. : We describe the case of a 69-year-old male followed at IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino of Genoa for his previous history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A para-aortic mass was discovered during follow-up, which -due to its stability, also after chemotherapy- had been hypothesized to be a non-lymphomatous lesion; given the dimensions and the site, the mass was removed. Histological evaluation showed a nodule limited by a slight fibrous capsule and characterized by a proliferation of medium-sized fusiform cells, with elongated nuclei and scarce eosinophilic cytoplasm. Given the lack of malignant signs and the strong expression of protein S-100, a diagnosis of mesenchymal neoplasia with expression of neural markers compatible with reticular schwannoma was made. The neoplasm has not recurred since its removal. : The case we present is, at our best knowledge, the first described in the retroperitoneum, a site where the exclusion of other mesenchymal malignancies is mandatory. The rarity and variability of presentations could create problems of differential diagnosis both with mucinous-producing carcinomas or with other soft tissue tumours, with myxoid or reticular structure. The description of this case could help raise information on this rare neoplasm and help distinguish it from other malignancies, especially in unusual sites

A preliminary experiment combining marine robotics and citizenship engagement using imitation learning

In this paper, we describe a preliminary experiment of citizenship engagement in the context of marine robotics using imitation learning to train a controller that mimics human behavior. The experiment has been carried out during the Festival della Comunicazione in Camogli, Italy, in September 2019. In more detail, citizens have been asked to pilot a small, light, and safe autonomous surface vehicle in front of a crowded public beach with the goal of performing an S-shaped path. The trajectories and controls performed by non-expert human operators have been recorded with the aim of training an imitation system that, after collecting a sufficient number of trajectory-control pairs, has been able to drive the vehicle without human intervention. To learn the human behavior, echo state networks have been employed as approximating architectures. The resulting controller turned out to be very effective in successfully performing the considered experiment with a reduced amount of training trajectories by imitating the human behavior also in unknown situations. The success of this experiment may pave the way to new research processes where citizens are actively engaged. Copyright (C) 2020 The Authors