Cadmium, chromium, lead and zinc in maize plants and oxisol after nine annual applications of sewage sludge

As maiores limitações para o uso do lodo de esgoto em áreas agrícolas são os riscos de contaminação do solo com metais pesados e sua possível transferência para a cadeia alimentar. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar os teores de Cd, Cr, Pb e Zn no solo, utilizando-se dois métodos de extração (HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl e HClO4 + HF), o acúmulo destes elementos em plantas de milho cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico no nono ano de aplicação de lodo de esgoto, bem como seus efeitos na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade de grãos. O experimento foi instalado em condições de campo em Jaboticabal-SP, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam a doses acumuladas por nove anos consecutivos de lodo de esgoto (45,0; 90,0 e 127,5 t ha-1, base seca) e um tratamento testemunha que recebeu fertilização mineral com base na análise de solo. O lodo de esgoto foi aplicado manualmente e incorporado ao solo com grade a 0,1 m de profundidade antes da semeadura do milho. Os teores médios de Cd no solo não variaram em função das doses de lodo e dos métodos de extração. Por outro lado, os teores médios de Cr, Pb e Zn no solo obtidos pela digestão com HClO4 + HF foram de 72,4; 31,8 e 62,3 %, respectivamente, superiores àqueles encontrados pela digestão que empregou HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl. Contudo, quando se avaliou apenas o efeito das doses de lodo no solo, em ambos os métodos de extração, verificou-se diferença entre os tratamentos apenas para a concentração de Zn no solo. Exceto o Cd, que não foi detectado, de modo geral, os teores e os acúmulos de Cr, Pb e Zn nas partes das plantas de milho aumentaram com as aplicações de lodo de esgoto. Os teores de Cr, Pb e Zn nos grãos, quando detectados, permaneceram abaixo dos limites máximos estabelecidos para o consumo humano conforme a legislação brasileira. A adição de lodo de esgoto e a fertilização mineral, por longo período, apresentaram efeitos semelhantes na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade de grãos de milho.A major limitation for using sewage sludge in agriculture is the risk of soil contamination with heavy metals and their possible transference to humans via food chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil content of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn by two digestion methods (HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl and HClO4 + HF) in maize plants grown on a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years, and the effects on dry matter and grain yield. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, in a randomized block design with four treatments and five replicates. Treatments consisted of: accumulated rates of sewage sludge (45.0, 90.0 and 127.5 t ha-1, dry basis) applied during nine consecutive years and a control treated with mineral fertilizers according to soil analysis. Sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at a depth of 0.1 m prior to maize sowing. The mean Cd concentration in soil was not affected by sewage sludge rates and extraction methods. On the contrary, the mean soil concentrations of Cr, Pb and Zn extracted by HClO4 + HF were 72.4, 31.8 and 62.3 %, respectively, higher than those obtained by the HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl. However, when the effect of sewage sludge rates was evaluated, it was verified that only soil Zn concentration was affected by the treatments. Except for Cd, which was not detected, the accumulated contents of Cr, Pb and Zn in the different parts of maize plants were generally affected by successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil. Heavy metal contents in the grains, when detected, were in the acceptable range for human consumption, according to Brazilian legislation. The effects of long-term sewage sludge and mineral soil fertilization on dry matter and grain yield were similar

Lipid sources in diets for egg-laying japanese quail: performance and egg quality

ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the effect of using lipid sources of plant and animal origin in diets for Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on production performance and internal egg quality. Japanese quails (n = 160) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replications of five birds each. Lipid sources evaluated were: soybean oil, from poultry slaughterhouse, fish waste and grape seed. The characteristics of performance and internal egg quality were measured every 21 days for a total period of 84 days. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test. There was no effect of treatments on the production performance of birds, except for feed intake, which was higher for birds fed grape seed oil in the diet. Lipid sources evaluated had no influence on the internal egg quality. It can be concluded that the lipid sources evaluated here in can be used as alternative energy in feed for laying quails, without affecting the performance and internal egg quality. Keywords: poultry slaughterhouse, soybean oil, fish waste, grape seed. Fontes lipídicas nas dietas para codornas japonesas em postura: desempenho e qualidade do ovo RESUMO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de fontes lipídicas de origem animal e vegetal nas rações para codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica), em relação ao desempenho zootécnico e à qualidade interna do ovo. Foram utilizadas 160 codornas japonesas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições por tratamento, com cinco aves por repetição. As fontes lipídicas avaliadas foram: óleo de soja, de abatedouro avícola, de resíduo de peixe e de semente de uva. As características de desempenho e qualidade interna dos ovos foram mensurados a cada 21 dias, em um período total de 84 dias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho produtivo das aves, exceto para o consumo de ração, que foi maior para aves alimentadas com óleo de semente de uva nas rações. As fontes energéticas avaliadas não influenciaram a qualidade interna dos ovos. Diante disso, conclui-se que as fontes lipídicas avaliadas neste estudo podem ser utilizadas como ingredientes energéticos nas rações para codornas em postura, sem afetar o desempenho e a qualidade interna dos ovos. Palavras-chave: abatedouro avícola, óleo de soja, resíduo de peixe, semente de uva

Soil fertility, nutritional status, and yield of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge

The disposal of sewage sludge in agricultural soils is of great concern. It can substitute mineral fertilizers, after a proper potassium supplementation, especially in crops such as the sunflower one. This study aimed to evaluate the grain yield and mineral nutrition of the sunflower cv. CATISSOL 01, as well as the fertility of an Oxisol fertilized with sewage sludge, in comparison to mineral fertilization, for two consecutive years. A randomized blocks design, with 4 treatments (control - mineral fertilization, 5 t ha-1 year-1, 10 t ha-1 year-1, and 20 t ha-1 year-1 of sewage sludge) and five replicates, was used. Grain yield, macro and micronutrients contents (in diagnostic leaves) and soil fertility were evaluated. The sunflower seeds yield was similar, in all doses, for both the sewage sludge and mineral fertilization, and macro and micronutrients contents in leaves were within the adequate range. The use of sewage sludge enriched with K showed to be effective for replacing totally or partially mineral fertilization, without affecting the sunflower yield

DIGESTIBILIDADE APARENTE DO FARELO DE GIRASSOL NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE BOVINOS LEITEIROS EM FASE DE CRESCIMENTO

O experimento foi realizado para se estudarem os efeitos dos níveis de 0%, 15%, 30% e 45% de farelo de girassol nos concentrados de bovinos da raça Holandesa em fase de crescimento, sobre as digestibilidades aparentes da matéria seca (MS), da proteína bruta (PB), do extrato etéreo (EE), do extrato não-nitrogenado (ENN), da fibra bruta (FB), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e da fibra em detergente ácido(FDA), bem como determinar os teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) dos concentrados e da silagem de milho, por meio da técnica in vivo com colheita total de fezes.Foram utilizados vinte bovinos com dezesseis meses de idade, média inicial e peso médio inicial de 285 kg. Desses vinte animais, quatro foram utilizados para determinar a digestibilidade da silagem de milho e dezesseis foram usados para avaliar o efeito da inclusão de farelo de girassol na dieta,os quais foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e quatro tratamentos. Os coeficientes de digestibilidades aparentes da MS e dos nutrientes dos concentrados foram calculados por diferença daqueles obtidos para o volumoso. Não houve efeito dos níveis de inclusão de farelo de girassol nos concentrados sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidades aparentes da MS (82,3%), PB(82,2%), EE (57,2%), ENN (92,6), FB (44,8%), FDN (72,5%) e FDA (70,5%). Concluiu-se que, até o nível 45% de inclusão no concentrado, o farelo de girassol poderá ser utilizado, com eficiência, na dieta de bovinos leiteiros em fase de crescimento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Digestibilidade in vivo, nutrientes digestíveis totais, silagem de milho

Metais pesados em latossolos tratados com biossólido e cultivados com milho em experimento de longa duração

O biossólido contém em sua composição matéria orgânica e nutrientes das plantas, mas também metais pesados danosos para solos, plantas e a saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o acúmulo de metais pesados e sua mobilidade no perfil do solo, assim como a disponibilidade para plantas de milho cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) e Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) tratados com doses crescentes de biossólido durante cinco anos. O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil, em condições de campo, utilizando-se delineamento de parcelas subdivididas com cinco repetições. Foram testadas quatro doses de biossólido: 0,0; 2,5; 5,0 e 10,0 t ha-1 (base seca) nos três primeiros anos. A partir do quarto ano a dose 2,5 foi substituída por 20,0 t ha-1. No quinto ano de experimentação amostras de solo foram obtidas nas profundidades 0-20 e 20-40 cm e analisadas para totais e extraíveis (Mehlich 1) de Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn. O biossólido aumentou os teores de Ni e Zn no LVef e Ni, Pb, Zn e Cu no LVd, mas os valores não ultrapassaram os níveis críticos legais. Os elementos geralmente acumularam-se na profundidade 0-20 cm em ambos os solos. Os teores de Pb e Ni nos grãos ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção da metodologia empregada. As concentrações de metais pesados na planta geralmente não foram afetados pela adição de biossólido. O extrator Mehlich 1 não foi eficiente para avaliar a disponibilidade de Ni, Mn e Pb para planta de milho.Biosolids comprise organic matter and plant nutrients, but are also a source of heavy metals hazardous to soils, plants and humans. The aim of this work was to evaluate accumulation, movement in the soil profile and availability to maize plants of heavy metals in two oxisols amended with biosolids for five years. The experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, under field conditions, using a split-plot design. Biosolids were added to the soils at four different rates, 0.0 (control with mineral fertilization), 2.5; 5.0 and 10.0 t ha-1, dry weight basis, annualy for three years. In the fourth and fifth years, the 2.5 t ha-1 treatment rate was increased to 20.0 t ha-1. In the fifth year, soil samples were collected at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths and analyzed for Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn total and extractable (Mehlich 1) contents. Biosolids increased the concentration of Ni and Zn in the Typic Eutrorthox, and of Ni, Pb, Zn and Cu in the Typic Haplorthox, but values did not exceed critical limits established by legislation. The elements generally accumulated in the 0-20 cm depth. Lead and Ni concentrations in grains were below detection limits. In general, heavy metals contents in maize plants were not affected by application of biosolids. Mehlich 1 extractant was not efficient in predicting the availability of Ni, Mn, and Pb to maize plants

Nickel in a tropical soil treated with sewage sludge and cropped with maize in a long-term field study

Sewage sludge produced by the SABESP wastewater treatment plant (Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo), located in Barueri, SP, Brazil, may contain high contents of nickel (Ni), increasing the risk of application to agricultural soils. An experiment was carried out under field conditions in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the effects on soil properties and on maize plants of increasing rates of a sewage sludge rich in Ni that had been applied for 6 consecutive years. The experiment was located on a Typic Haplorthox soil, using an experimental design of randomized blocks with four treatments (rates of sewage sludge) and five replications. At the end of the experiment the accumulated amounts of sewage sludge applied were 0.0, 30.0, 60.0 and 67.5 t ha-1. Maize (Zea mays L.) was the test plant. Soil samples were collected 60 d after sowing at depths of 0-20 cm for Ni studies and from 0 to 10 cm and from 10 to 20 cm for urease studies. Sewage sludge did not cause toxicity or micronutrient deficiencies to maize plants and increased grain production. Soil Ni appeared to be associated with the most stable fractions of the soil organic matter and was protected against strong extracting solutions such as concentrated and hot HNO3 and HCl. Ni added to the soil by sewage sludge increased the metal concentration in the shoots, but not in the grain. The Mehlich 3 extractor was not efficient to evaluate Ni phytoavailability to maize plants. Soil urease activity was increased by sewage sludge only in the layer where the residue was applied. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Chemical and Biochemical Properties of Oxisols after Sewage Sludge Application for 16 Years

ABSTRACT The large production of sewage sludge (SS), especially in large urban centers, has led to the suggestion of using this waste as fertilizer in agriculture. The economic viability of this action is great and contributes to improve the environment by cycling the nutrients present in this waste, including high contents of organic matter and plant nutrients. This study evaluated the chemical and biochemical properties of Dystrophic and EutroferricLatossolos Vermelhos (Oxisols) under corn and after SS application at different rates for 16 years. The field experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil, using a randomized block design with four treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of control - T1 (mineral fertilization, without SS application), 5 Mg ha-1 SS - T2, 10 Mg ha-1 SS - T3, and 20 Mg ha-1 SS - T4 (dry weight base). The data were submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the Duncan test at 5 %. Sewage sludge increased P extracted by resin in both theLatossolos Vermelhos, Dystrophic and Eutroferric, and the organic matter content in the Dystrophic Latossolo Vermelho. The waste at the rate 20 Mg ha-1 on a dry weight basis promoted increases in acid phosphatase activity in Eutroferric Latossolo Vermelho, basal respiration and metabolic quotient in DystrophicLatossolo Vermelho. The rate 20 Mg ha-1 sewage sludge on a dry weight basis did not alter the soil microbial biomass in both the Latossolos Vermelhos; in addition, it improved corn yields without inducing any symptoms of phytotoxicity or nutrient deficiency in the plants