Who is at low risk for cardiovascular disease? An assessment of different definitions

Background: There is little information regarding the determinants and trends of the prevalence of low cardiovascular risk factor (RF) profile in the general population. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends of low RF profile in the Swiss population according to different definitions. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional studies conducted in 1984-6 (N=3300), 1988-9 (N=3331), 1992-3 (N=3133) and 2003-6 (N=6170) and restricted to age group 35-75 years. Seven different definitions of low RF profile were used to assess determinants, while two definitions were used to assess trends. Results: Prevalence of low RF profile varied between 6.5% (95% confidence interval: 5.9-7.1) and 9.7% (9.0-10.5) depending on the definition used. This prevalence was higher than in other countries. Irrespective of the definition used, the prevalence of low RF profile was higher in women and in physically active participants, and decreased with increasing age or in the presence of a family history of cardiovascular disease. Using one definition, the prevalence of low RF profile increased from 3.8% (3.1-4.5) in 1984-6 to 6.7% (6.1-7.3) in 2003-6; using another definition, the results were 5.9% (5.1-6.8) and 9.7% (9.0-10.5), respectively. Conclusion: Switzerland is characterized by a high and increasing prevalence of low RF profile within the age group 35 to 75, irrespective of the criteria used. This high prevalence might partly

Effective range function below threshold

We demonstrate that the kernel of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, associated with interactions consisting of a sum of the Coulomb plus a short range nuclear potential, below threshold becomes degenerate. Taking advantage of this fact, we present a simple method of calculating the effective range function for negative energies. This may be useful in practice since the effective range expansion extrapolated to threshold allows to extract low-energy scattering parameters: the Coulomb-modified scattering length and the effective range.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figur

The three-nucleon bound state using realistic potential models

The bound states of $^3$H and $^3$He have been calculated using the Argonne $v_{18}$ plus the Urbana three-nucleon potential. The isospin $T=3/2$ state have been included in the calculations as well as the $n$-$p$ mass difference. The $^3$H-$^3$He mass difference has been evaluated through the charge dependent terms explicitly included in the two-body potential. The calculations have been performed using two different methods: the solution of the Faddeev equations in momentum space and the expansion on the correlated hyperspherical harmonic basis. The results are in agreement within 0.1% and can be used as benchmark tests. Results for the CD-Bonn interaction are also presented. It is shown that the $^3$H and $^3$He binding energy difference can be predicted model independently.Comment: 5 pages REVTeX 4, 1 figures, 6 table

A New Measurement of the 1S0 Neutron-Neutron Scattering Length using the Neutron-Proton Scattering Length as a Standard

The present paper reports high-accuracy cross-section data for the 2H(n,nnp) reaction in the neutron-proton (np) and neutron-neutron (nn) final-state-interaction (FSI) regions at an incident mean neutron energy of 13.0 MeV. These data were analyzed with rigorous three-nucleon calculations to determine the 1S0 np and nn scattering lengths, a_np and a_nn. Our results are a_nn = -18.7 +/- 0.6 fm and a_np = -23.5 +/- 0.8 fm. Since our value for a_np obtained from neutron-deuteron (nd) breakup agrees with that from free np scattering, we conclude that our investigation of the nn FSI done simultaneously and under identical conditions gives the correct value for a_nn. Our value for a_nn is in agreement with that obtained in pion-deuteron capture measurements but disagrees with values obtained from earlier nd breakup studies.Comment: 4 pages and 3 figure

Molecular characterization of an aggregation-prone variant of alpha-synuclein used to model synucleinopathies

The misfolding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) are thought to be central events in synucleinopathies. The physiological function of aSyn has been related to vesicle binding and trafficking, but the precise molecular mechanisms leading to aSyn pathogenicity are still obscure. In cell models, aSyn does not readily aggregate, even upon overexpression. Therefore, cellular models that enable the study of aSyn aggregation are essential tools for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern such processes. Here, we investigated the structural features of SynT, an artificial variant of aSyn that has been widely used as a model of aggregation in mammalian cell systems, since it is more prone to aggregation than aSyn. Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy we performed a detailed structural characterization of SynT through a systematic comparison with normal, unmodified aSyn. Interestingly, we found that the conformations adopted by SynT resemble those described for the unmodified protein, demonstrating the usefulness of SynT as a model for aSyn aggregation. However, subtle differences were observed at the N-terminal region involving transient intra and/or intermolecular interactions that are known to regulate aSyn aggregation. Importantly, our results indicate that disturbances in the N-terminal region of SynT, and the consequent decrease in membrane binding of the modified protein, might contribute to the observed aggregation behavior of aSyn, and validate the use of SynT, one of the few models of aSyn aggregation in cultured cells

The nucleon-nucleon interaction

We review the major progress of the past decade concerning our understanding of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. The focus is on the low-energy region (below pion production threshold), but a brief outlook towards higher energies is also given. The items discussed include charge-dependence, the precise value of the $\pi NN$ coupling constant, phase shift analysis and high-precision NN data and potentials. We also address the issue of a proper theory of nuclear forces. Finally, we summarize the essential open questions that future research should be devoted to.Comment: 42 pages, 12 figures, iopart.cls style; Topical Review prepared for J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phy

Phytotoxicity of one commercial formulated glyphosate on Lemna gibba L

El objetivo fue evaluar la fitotoxicidad de un formulado comercial de glifosato (sal potásica al 62%, equivalente a 506 g p.a./L) sobre Lemna gibba, a campo y en laboratorio. El estudio a campo se desarrolló en un embalse asociado a un ambiente agrícola. Allí se realizó un análisis temporal, con observaciones en cuatro momentos en función de la proximidad a la fecha de aplicación del herbicida en el lote agrícola y al primer evento de precipitación que generó escurrimiento. La fitotoxicidad se evaluó sobre biomasa seca por fronde (BF) y contenido total de clorofila (CTC). Durante 15 días, en condiciones controladas se ensayaron 8 tratamientos con exposición a concentraciones de glifosato que variaron entre 0 y 15 mg/L. Se determinó el crecimiento poblacional, CTC y longitud de raíz. A campo, la inhibición significativa de BF y CTC registrada a posteriori del evento de precipitación no se pudo asociar a concentraciones de glifosato en el cuerpo de agua. Estos efectos podrían ser atribuidos al escurrimiento de otros agroquímicos que no fueron analizados. En laboratorio se verificó efecto fitotóxico sobre la longitud radical a partir de concentraciones de 0.2 mg/L. La información generada contribuye al diagnóstico de riesgo de contaminación por herbicidas en agroecosistemas. Los resultados obtenidos no son concluyentes e indican la necesidad de profundizar este tipo de estudios, dada la complejidad que reviste la investigación del efecto de agroquímicos en el ambiente.The aim was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of one commercial formulated glyphosate (potassium salt, 62%, 506 g e.a./L) on Lemna gibba in field trials and in controlled laboratory conditions. The field study was conducted in a lentic water body associated with an agro-environment (Entre Ríos, Argentina). We conducted a temporary analysis with observations at four moments according to the proximity of the date of herbicide application in the agricultural lot and the first rainfall event that caused runoff. The phytotoxicity was evaluated on the dry biomass of frond (BF) and total chlorophyll content (TCC). In the laboratory, eight treatments were tested according to different concentrations of glyphosate (0 to 15 mg/L). The phytotoxic effects were assessed on the growth rate (GR), TCC and root length. In field study, the significant inhibition of BF and TCC observed in the subsequent sampling to the rainfall event that caused runoff could not be associated with concentrations of glyphosate in the body of water. These effects may be attributed to runoff of others agrochemicals not analyzed. In the laboratory, a significant reduction of root length was detected, while no significant differences were observed in GR and TCC between treatments. The information generated contributes to the diagnosis of risk herbicide contamination in agroecosystems. The results obtained are not conclusive and show the need to deepen this type of studies, given the complexity of the agrochemicals research and their effects on the environment

Monitoreo de glifosato en agua superficial en Entre Ríos: La investigación acción participativa como metodología de abordaje

Las pérdidas de glifosato desde agroecosistemas y su impacto sobre el agua superficial generan preocupación en los actores de la comunidad rural y urbana de Entre Ríos, habiéndose generalizado percepciones de riesgo. La ausencia de información ha agudizado la sensibilidad social, requiriéndose un abordaje adecuado. Los objetivos fueron: conformar una red de monitoreo del efecto del uso de glifosato sobre la calidad del agua (RMCA) en el área agrícola de Entre Ríos; estimar la concentración de glifosato en agua superficial, y acordar prácticas agronómicas de bajo impacto ambiental. Se desarrolló una investigación acción participativa (IAP), con participación de diferentes actores en todas las instancias del estudio. Se llevó adelante un programa de sensibilización de profesionales, productores y organismos interesados en conocer la calidad de aguas. La selección de sitios y el muestreo fueron realizados por los integrantes de la RMCA. Se establecieron tres períodos de muestreo: 1.°: 15 agosto – 15 setiembre 2012; 2.°: 15 noviembre – 15 diciembre 2012, y 3.°: 15 marzo – 15 abril 2013. Las concentraciones de glifosato fueron clasificadas en 3 categorías: <0,1 μg L-1; 0,1-240 μg L-1 y ˃240 μgL-1. La RMCA resultó integrada por 70 miembros. Se evaluaron 311 puntos y 703 muestras de agua. En el primer período, 4,7% de los puntos superó el nivel de 240 μgL-1, mientras que en el segundo todas las concentraciones resultaron inferiores, de las cuales un 69,2% presentó valores inferiores a 0,1 μg L-1. El 76% de las muestras de marzo/abril presentó concentraciones inferiores a 0,1 μg L-1. Los resultados se discutieron con los integrantes de la RMCA en un taller replicado en cuatro localidades y en un segundo evento se acordaron prácticas agronómicas de bajo impacto ambiental. La IAP demostró ser una metodología adecuada para analizar los cambios en la calidad del agua superficial debidos al uso de glifosato en Entre Ríos. La cuantificación de la concentración de glifosato permitió analizar el riesgo de contaminación no medido precedentemente, lo cual fue motor de búsqueda de soluciones consensuadas entre los diferentes actores del sector agroalimentario para mitigar o remediar impactos ambientales por el uso de agroquímicos.There is concern about glyphosate losses from agroecosystems and its impact on surface water in urban and rural communities of Entre Rios, having a widespread perception of risk in public opinion. Social awareness was exacerbated by lack of information, which requires an adequate approach. The objectives were: i) to set up a network for monitoring the effect of glyphosate use on water quality (RMCA) in the agricultural area of Entre Rios, ii) to estimate glyphosate concentration in surface water as a result of losses from the agroecosystem, and iii) to identify management practices of low environmental impact to be agreed on with members of the agro alimentary sector. The methodological framework applied corresponds to a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. An awareness program for professionals, farmers and organizations interested in knowing water quality was carried out. Site selection and water sampling were carried out by RMCA members. A schedule of 3 sampling periods was established: 1º) August 15th - September 15th 2012, 2º) November 15th - December 15th 2012 and 3º) March 15th - April 15th 2013. Concentration of glyphosate in the water samples was determined by the Elisa technique, using as a UPLC-MS/MS verification method. Glyphosate concentrations were classified according to the guide levels defined by the Undersecreatriat of Water Resources of Argentina and the European Union: < 0.1 µg L-1; 0.1-240 µg L-1 y ˃ 240 µg L-1. The RMCA network was integrated by 70 members becoming a community-based organization to promote the preservation of surface water. 311 monitoring points and 703 water samples were evaluated. In the first period, 4.7% of the monitoring points overcame the level of 240 µg L-1 whereas in the second sampling instance all concentrations results were lower, 69% of them showing values below 0.1 µg L-1. 76% of the March-April samples resulted in concentrations below 0.1 µg L-1. Results were discussed by RCMA members in a workshop that was replicated at 4 locations. In a second meeting, the members identified on agronomic practices of environmental low impact. The PAR proved to be an adequate methodology to analyze changes in the quality of surface water due to the use of glyphosate in the agricultural area of Entre Rios. The quantification of glyphosate concentration in water allowed to know the risk of pollution, not previously measured, which promoted the search for consensual solutions among stakeholders of the agro alimentary sector to either mitigate or solve environmental impact by the use of agrochemicals.Fil: Sasal, Maria Carolina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Wilson, Marcelo Germán. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Sione, Silvana. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Beghetto, S. M.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Rios. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Parana. Agencia de Extension Rural Crespo.; ArgentinaFil: Gabioud, Emmanuel Adrián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Oszut, José D.. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Paravani, Enrique Valentin. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Demonte, Luisina Delma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos; ArgentinaFil: Repetti, María Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Investigación y Análisis de Residuos y Contaminantes Químicos; ArgentinaFil: Bedendo, Dante Julián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Medero, Silvina Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Pautasso, Natalia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; ArgentinaFil: Schulz, G. A.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Suelos; Argentin