2,510 research outputs found
Efficiency Costs of Meeting Industry-Distributional Constraints under Environmental Permits and Taxes
A politically realistic approach to environmental policy seems to require avoiding significant profit-losses in major pollution-related industries. The government can avoid such losses by freely allocating some emissions permits or by exempting some inframarginal emissions from a pollution tax. However, preventing profit-losses in this way involves an efficiency cost because it compels the government to forego especially efficient sources of revenue and to rely more heavily on ordinary, distortionary taxes. Using analytically and numerically solved equilibrium models, we analyze these efficiency costs. We find that when the required amount of abatement is small, the efficiency cost implied by the profits-constraint dwarfs the other efficiency costs of pollution-control. When the abatement requirement becomes more extensive, the cost of this constraint diminishes relative to the other efficiency costs. We also calculate and analyze the determinants of the gross compensation ratio' the share of pollution permits that must be freely allocated to prevent profit-losses in the targeted industries. Numerical simulations of sulfur dioxide pollution-control suggest that the Bush Administration's Clear Skies Initiative would exceed this ratio, freely allocating more permits than necessary to preserve profits.
Chlorella Supplementation Reduces Blood Lactate Concentration and Increases Oā Pulse during Submaximal and Maximal Cycling in Young Healthy Adults
Chlorella supplementation is reported to improve VĖO2max
following extended supplementation periods (~3 weeks). However, there is little research on its impact over submaximal exercise intensities and following shorter supplementation regimens. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of 6 g/day 2-day chlorella supplementation on exercise performance in healthy young adults. Twenty young healthy adults (Males = 16, Females = 4) (Age 22 Ā± 6 years, VĖO2max
42.7 Ā± 9.6 mL/(kgĀ·min)) were recruited for this double-blinded, randomised cross-over study. Participants ingested 6 g/day of chlorella or a placebo for 2 days, with a one-week washout period between trials. Exercise testing consisted of a 20 min submaximal cycle at 40% of their work rate max (WRmax) (watts), followed by an incremental VĖO2max
test. Lactate (mmol/L), heart rate (b/min), oxygen consumption (mL/(kgĀ·min)), O2 pulse (mL/beat), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and WRmax were compared across conditions. Following chlorella supplementation, blood lactate levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05) during submaximal exercise (3.05 Ā± 0.92 mmol/L vs. 2.67 Ā± 0.79 mmol/L) and following VĖO2max
tests (12.79 Ā± 2.61 mmol/L vs. 11.56 Ā± 3.43 mmol/L). The O2 pulse was significantly higher (p < 0.05) following chlorella supplementation during submaximal (12.6 Ā± 3.5 mL/beat vs. 13.1 Ā± 3.5 mL/beat) and maximal exercise intensity (16.7 Ā± 4.6 mL/beat vs. 17.2 Ā± 4.5 mL/beat). No differences existed between conditions for oxygen consumption, RER, VĖO2max
, or WRmax. A total of 2 days of 6 g/day chlorella supplementation appears to lower the blood lactate response and increase O2 pulse during both submaximal and maximal intensity exercise but did not lead to any improvements in VĖO2max
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Contemporary (2001) and āLittle Ice Ageā glacier extents in the Buordakh Massif, Cherskiy Range, north east Siberia
The Buordakh Massif of the Cherskiy Range of sub-arctic north east Siberia, Russia has a cold continental climate and supports over 80 glaciers. Despite previous research in the region, a georeferenced map of the glaciers has only recently been completed and an enhanced version of it is reproduced in colour here. The mountains of this region reach heights in excess of 3,000 m and the glaciers on their slopes range in size from 0.1 to 10.4 km2. The mapping has been compiled through the interpretation of Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery from August 2001 which has been augmented by data from a field campaign undertaken at the same time. The glaciers of the region are of the cold, āfirn-lessā continental type and their mass balance relies heavily on the formation of superimposed ice. Moraines which lie in front of the glaciers by up to a few kilometres are believed to date from the Little Ice Age (ca. 1550-1850 AD). Over half of the glaciers mapped have shown marked retreat from these moraines
TELLUS: A combined surface temperature, soil moisture and evaporation mapping approach
There are no author-identified significant results in this report
Reply to Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
No abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64309/1/24456_ftp.pd
CRATONIC PERIDOTITES AND SILICA-RICH MELTS: DIOPSIDE-ENSTATITE RELATIONSHIPS IN POLYMICT XENOLITHS, KAAPVAAL, SOUTH AFRICA
Critical view of WKB decay widths
A detailed comparison of the expressions for the decay widths obtained within
the semiclassical WKB approximation using different approaches to the tunneling
problem is performed. The differences between the available improved formulae
for tunneling near the top and the bottom of the barrier are investigated.
Though the simple WKB method gives the right order of magnitude of the decay
widths, a small number of parameters are often fitted. The need to perform the
fitting procedure remaining consistently within the WKB framework is emphasized
in the context of the fission model based calculations. Calculations for the
decay widths of some recently found super heavy nuclei using microscopic
alpha-nucleus potentials are presented to demonstrate the importance of a
consistent WKB calculation. The half-lives are found to be sensitive to the
density dependence of the nucleon-nucleon interaction and the implementation of
the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition inherent in the WKB approach.Comment: 18 pages, Late
Comment on āFracture resistance of paperā
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44667/1/10853_2004_Article_BF00541421.pd
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