Cultivo do feijoeiro em solução nutritiva sob proporções variáveis de amônio e nitrato

O experimento foi desenvolvido em solução nutritiva, em condições de casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, e teve, como objetivo, avaliar a influência de diferentes proporções de NH4+:NO3- sobre o crescimento, nutrição e eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio na fase inicial de crescimento de três cultivares de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Rio Tibagi, Eriparsa e Carioca. Mediu-se a resposta a 4 mmol L-1 de nitrogênio, suprido nas proporções de NH4+:NO3- de 0:4, 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 e 4:0, por meio da matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea, bem como os teores de P, S, Ca, Mg, K e a avaliação da eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio. Os cultivares de feijoeiro foram afetados pela relação NH4+:NO3-. A maior produção de matéria seca foi verificada com o suprimento de amônio e nitrato, em igual proporção. Com o predomínio de nitrato, os cultivares Carioca e Rio Tibagi mostraram maior e menor eficiência de utilização de N, respectivamente. O suprimento exclusivo de amônio, para os cultivares de feijoeiro estudados, resultou em sérios prejuízos ao sistema radicular, com conseqüente redução na absorção de nutrientes, notadamente de cálcio

The superoxide anion donor, potassium superoxide, induces pain and inflammation in mice through production of reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2

It is currently accepted that superoxide anion (O2•−) is an important mediator in pain and inflammation. The role of superoxide anion in pain and inflammation has been mainly determined indirectly by modulating its production and inactivation. Direct evidence using potassium superoxide (KO2), a superoxide anion donor, demonstrated that it induced thermal hyperalgesia, as assessed by the Hargreaves method. However, it remains to be determined whether KO2 is capable of inducing other inflammatory and nociceptive responses attributed to superoxide anion. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the nociceptive and inflammatory effects of KO2. The KO2-induced inflammatory responses evaluated in mice were: mechanical hyperalgesia (electronic version of von Frey filaments), thermal hyperalgesia (hot plate), edema (caliper rule), myeloperoxidase activity (colorimetric assay), overt pain-like behaviors (flinches, time spent licking and writhing score), leukocyte recruitment, oxidative stress, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression (quantitative PCR). Administration of KO2 induced mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, paw edema, leukocyte recruitment, the writhing response, paw flinching, and paw licking in a dose-dependent manner. KO2 also induced time-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in the paw skin. The nociceptive, inflammatory, and oxidative stress components of KO2-induced responses were responsive to morphine (analgesic opioid), quercetin (antioxidant flavonoid), and/or celecoxib (anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor) treatment. In conclusion, the well-established superoxide anion donor KO2 is a valuable tool for studying the mechanisms and pharmacological susceptibilities of superoxide anion-triggered nociceptive and inflammatory responses ranging from mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia to overt pain-like behaviors, edema, and leukocyte recruitment

Quercetin-Loaded Microcapsules Ameliorate Experimental Colitis in Mice by Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Quercetin (<b>1</b>) is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant flavonoid. However, the oral administration of <b>1</b> did not lead to beneficial effects in experimental animal colitis models, which involve cytokines and oxidative stress. A possible explanation is that the absorption profile of <b>1</b> prevents its activity. Therefore, it was reasoned that the controlled release of <b>1</b> would improve its therapeutic effect. Thus, the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of <b>1</b>-loaded microcapsules in acetic acid-induced colitis in mice were evaluated. Microcapsules were prepared using pectin/casein polymer and <b>1</b>. The oral administration of <b>1</b>-loaded microcapsules decreased neutrophil recruitment, attenuated histological alterations, and reduced macroscopical damage, edema, and IL-1β and IL-33 production in the colon samples. Microcapsules loaded with <b>1</b> also prevented the reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the antioxidant capacity of the colon. These preclinical data indicate that pectin/casein polymer microcapsules loaded with <b>1</b> improved the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of <b>1</b> compared to the nonencapsulated drug. Therefore, quercetin seems to be a promising active molecule in inflammatory bowel disease if provided with adequate controlled release