The Winter of Our Discontent: The Implications of Mexico's Hefty Gasoline Price Hikes

To gain public support for Mexico’s energy reforms, the government promised a future of low gas prices. The author documents the fallout when gas prices instead shot up 20 percent.

Coordination of the Regulators of the Hydrocarbon Sector: Is It Optimal for the Rule of Law?

One of the goals of Mexico's energy reform was to create a regulatory system that would foster competition in a very complex political environment. This framework, known as "coordinated regulatory bodies," was established in Article 28 of the Constitution and is intended to oversee and regulate the hydrocarbons sector. This paper conducts a legal analysis of this new model of regulation and seeks to determine whether its implementation strengthens the rule of law in Mexico. This paper is part of a Baker Institute Mexico Center research project examining the rule of law in Mexico (https://www.bakerinstitute.org/the-rule-of-law/) and the challenges it poses to implementing the country's energy reform

Treatments for somnambulism in adults: assessing the evidence

Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, is a parasomnia of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep where movement behaviours usually confined to wakefulness are displayed during sleep. Generally, if sleepwalking is causing distress or danger in spite of safety measures, medical or psychological treatment is indicated. Clinicians will need to assess the evidence for treatment options. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Ovid Evidence–Based Medicine Reviews (EBM) multifile databases were searched. No properly powered rigorous controlled trials were found for treatment of sleepwalking in adults. Seven reports described small trials with some kind of control arm, or retrospective case series which included 30 or more patients. With no high quality evidence to underpin recommendations for treatments of somnambulism, full discussion with patients is advised. Adequately powered, well-designed clinical trials are now needed, and multi-centre collaborations may be required to obtain the sample sizes required

Local Content in the Petroleum Industry — Mexico

As a result of the 2013 energy reform, oil and gas companies completing projects in Mexico must now meet mandatory requirements to utilize local goods and services suppliers. The authors analyze the legislative framework in place to enforce the local content requirement and the economic implications of the policy

Obstructive sleep apnea and depression

There are high rates of depression in people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in both community and clinical populations. A large community study reported a rate of 17% and reports for sleep clinic samples range between 21% and 41%. A large cohort study found OSA to be a risk factor for depression, but we are unaware of any longitudinal study of the reverse association. However correlations have not generally been found in smaller studies. Several possible causal mechanisms linking OSA and depression have been proposed but not established. Patients who have depression as well as OSA appear worse off than those with OSA only, and depressive symptoms persist in at least some patients in short term studies of treatment for OSA. Direct treatment of depression in OSA might improve acceptance of therapy, reduce sleepiness and fatigue and improve quality of life, but intervention trials are required to answer this question

Sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a highly prevalent condition often associated with central obesity. In the past few years, several studies have analysed the potential independent contribution of OSA to the pathogenesis of metabolic abnormalities, including type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. New perspectives in OSA patient care have been opened by the promotion of lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise programmes that could improve both OSA and the metabolic profile. The rich clinical literature on this subject, together with the growing amount of data on pathophysiological mechanisms provided by animal studies using the chronic intermittent hypoxia model, urged the organising Committee of the Sleep and Breathing meeting to organise a session on sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction, in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. This review summarises the state-of-the-art lectures presented in the session, more specifically the relationship between OSA and diabetes, the role of OSA in the metabolic consequences of obesity, and the effects of lifestyle interventions on nocturnal respiratory disturbances and the metabolic profile in OSA patient

Towards a theory of Chopin's large-scale forms

Chopin’s large-scale compositions occupy a peculiar, uneasy position in nineteenth-century repertoire. On one hand, works such as the Second Piano Sonata (Op. 35), with its famous ‘Funeral March’ movement, have become concert-hall favourites. On the other, ever since the composer’s day, influential critics and scholars (including Robert Schumann, Gerald Abraham and Charles Rosen) have deemed these same works to exhibit significant formal shortcomings. Consequently, there is now a conspicuous discrepancy between the public’s perception of Chopin’s oeuvre and a rather dismissive approach frequently adopted in the literature. Such scholarly rejection seems unwarranted, especially given the significant shortage of comprehensive investigations into the composer’s use of large-scale structure: existing analyses undertaken by scholars including Jim Samson, John Rink and Karol Berger have almost always dealt with a single genre or work. It is with the aim of going some way in redressing this obtrusive lacuna that the current thesis is written, which presents a framework elucidating salient syntactical and formal devices employed across Chopin’s large-scale repertoire. In accounting for such structural processes, the project engages with a recent discipline-advancing movement towards analysing Romantic works on their own terms—that is, to go beyond a ‘negative’ approach in which nineteenth-century music is viewed merely as a response to (or ‘deformation’ of) its Classical forebears. Specifically, a reading sensitive to both pre-existing tendencies and the music’s originality is proposed, giving rise to a methodology whose transferability extends well beyond the repertoire at hand. In developing an innovative range of analytical techniques that draws upon the new Formenlehre spearheaded by William Caplin and James Hepokoski on one hand, and upon rather neglected issues of syntax and topic on the other, the thesis proposes not only guidelines for subsequent engagement with Chopin’s work, but also a set of criteria with significance for analysis of nineteenth-century instrumental music more generally

Fidélité et validité de la mesure clinique du déjettement du tronc auprès d’enfants et d’adolescents présentant une scoliose idiopathique

La mesure du déjettement du tronc est un élément important pour évaluer la posture en ce qui a trait à la scoliose idiopathique. Cependant, il y a peu d'informations quant à sa mesure et les associations entre le déjettement du tronc et d'autres indicateurs ou facteurs pertinents. Les objectifs de cette étude sont : 1) d’évaluer la validité et la fiabilité de test-retest du fil à plomb pour mesurer le déjettement du tronc de C7 à S1 chez les personnes atteintes de scoliose idiopathique; et 2) d'étudier l'association entre le déjettement du tronc et les facteurs suivants : la douleur, l’angle de Cobb, le type de scoliose, la santé mentale et l’image de soi chez les personnes atteintes de scoliose idiopathique. Nous avons recruté 55 sujets âgés de 10 à 21 ans atteints de scoliose idiopathique (angle de Cobb : 15º à 60º) de la clinique de scoliose dans un hôpital pédiatrique de soins tertiaires. Le déjettement a été mesuré directement sur les sujets à deux reprises par la même physiothérapeute de même que sur les radiographies prises ce jour-là. Deux mesures ont été prises à chaque fois : une les pieds joints (FT) et l’autre en écartant les pieds (FA). Les sujets ont répondu au questionnaire adressé au patient de la Scoliosis Research Society-22, qui traite de la douleur, de l'image de soi et de la santé mentale. Le type de scoliose et l'angle de Cobb ont été mesurés sur les radiographies prises ce jour-là. Nous avons utilisé la théorie de la généralisabilité pour calculer la fidélité de test-retest pour les mesures FT et FA, en rapportant les coefficients de fiabilité (f) et les erreurs types de mesure (SEM). La validité de la mesure du fil à plomb a été calculée en comparant les mesures prises directement sur les radiographies en utilisant le coefficient de corrélation de Pearson. Les corrélations de Pearson ont été calculées entre le déjettement du tronc et la douleur, l'angle de Cobb, l'image de soi et la santé mentale. Les corrélations de Spearman ont été calculées entre le déjettement du tronc et le type de scoliose. Nous avons ensuite utilisé des modèles de régression linéaire multiple pour déterminer les associations entre ces variables. Nos résultats indiquent que les mesures de déjettement du tronc en utilisant un fil à plomb ont une forte corrélation (r = 0,87) avec la mesure obtenue par radiographie. La mesure du déjettement du tronc en utilisant un fil à plomb a démontré une excellente fidélité de test-retest (f: 0,98 pour la mesure FT et 0,99 pour la mesure FA) et les SEM étaient de 2,0 mm pour la mesure FT et 1,8 mm pour la mesure FA. Le déjettement du tronc est corrélé positivement avec l'angle de Cobb (r = 0,32, p = 0,02), mais il n'est pas corrélé à la douleur, la santé mentale, l'image de soi ou le type de scoliose. Les conclusions de notre étude ont montré que la mesure clinique du déjettement du tronc en utilisant un fil à plomb est une méthode fiable et valide et que le déjettement du tronc est associé à l'angle de Cobb. Une étude longitudinale est nécessaire pour déterminer si le déjettement du tronc est un indicateur pronostique de la progression de la scoliose. Mots-clés: la scoliose idiopathique, le déjettement du tronc, fil à plomb, posture, déplacement latéral du troncMeasurement of trunk list is an important component of an evaluation of posture in idiopathic scoliosis. However, there is little information regarding its measurement and the associations between trunk list and other relevant indicators or factors. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the validity and test-retest reliability of the plumbline to measure trunk list from C7 - S1 in persons with idiopathic scoliosis and 2) to explore the association between trunk list and the following factors: pain, Cobb angle, type of scoliosis, mental health and self-image, in persons with idiopathic scoliosis. We recruited 55 participants aged from 10 to 21 years old with idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle: 15º to 60º) from the scoliosis clinic at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Trunk list was measured directly on participants on two occasions by the same physiotherapist and also on radiographs taken that day. Two measurements were taken each time: with feet together (FT) and feet apart (FA). The participants answered the Scoliosis Research Society-22 patient questionnaire, which addresses pain, self-image and mental health. Type of scoliosis and Cobb angle were measured on radiographs taken that day. We used generalizability theory to calculate test-retest reliability for FT and FA, reporting Dependability Coefficients (f) and Standard Errors of Measurement (SEM). Validity of the plumbline measurement was calculated by comparing to measurements taken directly on radiographs using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Pearson correlations were calculated between trunk list and pain, Cobb angle, self-image and mental health. Spearman correlations were calculated between trunk list and type of scoliosis. We then used multiple linear regression models to determine associations between these variables. Our results indicated that the plumbline measurements of trunk list correlated highly (r=0.87) with the measure obtained via radiograph. Plumbline measurements of trunk list demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (f: 0.98 for FT and 0.99 for FA) and SEMs were 2.0 mm for FT and 1.8mm for FA. Trunk list was positively correlated with Cobb angle (r=0.32, p=0.02) but it was not correlated with pain, mental health, self-image, or type of scoliosis. The conclusions of our study were that the clinical measurement of trunk list using a plumbline is both reliable and valid and that trunk list was associated with Cobb angle. A longitudinal study is needed to determine whether trunk list is a prognostic indicator of scoliosis progression. Keywords: idiopathic scoliosis, trunk list, plumbline, posture, lateral trunk shif

LA COLABORACION PROCESAL COMO PRINCIPIO RECTOR DEL PROCEDIMIENTO DE FAMILIA

El presente trabajo analiza el principio de la colaboración en el proceso de familia, y sus diversas manifestaciones en la legislación chilena

Melatonin for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease : a randomised controlled trial

Background Melatonin may reduce REM-sleep behavior disorder (RBD) symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), though robust clinical trials are lacking. Objective To assess the efficacy of prolonged-release (PR) melatonin for RBD in PD. Methods Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial with an 8-week intervention and 4-week observation pre- and postintervention (ACTRN12613000648729). Thirty PD patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder were randomized to 4 mg of prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin) or matched placebo, ingested orally once-daily before bedtime. Primary outcome was the aggregate of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder incidents averaged over weeks 5 to 8 of treatment captured by a weekly diary. Data were included in a mixed-model analysis of variance (n = 15 per group). Results No differences between groups at the primary endpoint (3.4 events/week melatonin vs. 3.6 placebo; difference, 0.2; 95% confidence interval = -3.2 to 3.6; P = 0.92). Adverse events included mild headaches, fatigue, and morning sleepiness (n = 4 melatonin; n = 5 placebo). Conclusion Prolonged-release melatonin 4 mg did not reduce rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in PD. (c) 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society