FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF NATEGLINIDE-LOADED ETHYL CELLULOSE NANOPARTICLES BY BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN

Objective: Application of nanotechnology in drug delivery system has released leading new areas of research in sustained release of drugs. The objective of the present study is development and optimization of polymeric nanoparticles of Nateglinide (NTG).Methods: Nateglinide loaded ethyl cellulose (EC) nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. Response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the formulation of Nateglinide nanoparticles. The Box-Behnken design consisting of 14 runs, three-factor, three levels and two centre point was used in this study. The particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of Nateglinide nanoparticles were investigated with respect to three independent variables including stirring speed (X1), time (X2) and surfactant concentration (X3). The optimized nanoparticle is then subjected to characterization studies including morphology, particle size, zeta potential, % Drug Loading (DL) and % Entrapment Efficiency (EE).Results: Nateglinide nanoparticles under the optimized conditions gave rise to the DL of 14.30±0.27 %, EE of 72.19±0.24 %, mean diameter of 172 nm and zeta potential value of-15.6 mV.Conclusion: The optimized nanoparticles formulation with improved characteristic properties could be a promising delivery system for Nateglinide.Â

FABRICATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF NATEGLINIDE-LOADED ETHYL CELLULOSE NANOPARTICLES

Objective: The objective of the present study is to formulate freeze-dried oral sustained release polymeric nanoparticles of nateglinide (NTG) todecrease dosing frequency, increase bioavailability, and minimize side effects.Methods: NTG-loaded ethyl cellulose (EC) nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation technique and subjected to various studies forcharacterization, such as particle size, zeta potential, drug loading (DL), entrapment efficiency (EE), scanning electron microscopy, and evaluated forin vitro drug release.Results: From this study, it was observed that the fabricated nanoparticles showed satisfactory results, i.e. particle size with 172 nm, 72.19% EE,−15.81 mV zeta potential, and 14.30% DL. The results of in vitro release show that sustained release of NTG from the nanoparticles over the periodof 12 hrs and comparable with the immediate release tablets. Furthermore, accelerated stability studies revealed that the formulation is stable as perInternational Conference on Harmonisation guidelines.Conclusion: Thus, the nanoparticles formulation could be a promising delivery system for NTG with improved anti-diabetic activity, stability, andbioavailability.Keywords: Drug delivery, Nanoparticles, Nateglinide, In vitro release, Solvent evaporation method

Homologation of alpha-amino acids to beta-amino acids using Fmoc-amino acid pentafluorophenyl esters

The homologation of alpha-amino acids to beta-amino acids by the two-step Arndt-Eister method is achieved by using Fmoc-alpha-amino acid pentafluorophenyl esters for the acylation of diazomethane, synthesizing the key intermediates Fmoc-aminoacyldiazomethanes as crystalline solids in good yields and purity

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Boc‐ and Z‐Protected Amino Acid Fluorides Employing DAST as a Fluorinating Agent.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option

Small molecule, big prospects:MicroRNA in pregnancy and its complications

MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate target gene expression in the posttranscriptional level. Unlike siRNA, microRNAs are "fine-tuners" rather than "switches" in the regulation of gene expression; thus they play key roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The aberrant microRNA expression is implicated in the disease process. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated the regulatory roles of microRNAs in various pathophysiological conditions. In contrast, the study of microRNA in pregnancy and its associated complications, such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and preterm labor, is a young field. Over the last decade, the knowledge of pregnancy-related microRNAs has increased and the molecular mechanisms by which microRNAs regulate pregnancy or its associated complications are emerging. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the research of pregnancy-related microRNAs, especially their function in pregnancy-associated complications and the potential clinical applications. Here microRNAs that associate with pregnancy are classified as placenta-specific, placenta-associated, placenta-derived circulating, and uterine microRNA according to their localization and origin. MicroRNAs offer a great potential for developing diagnostic and therapeutic targets in pregnancy-related disorders

Sandifer syndrome: the mis-interpretable disorder

Sandifer syndrome (SS), a movement disorder which is characterised by spasmodic torsional dystonia with back arching and rigid opisthotonic posturing, negatively impacting predominantly the neck, back, and upper extremities. Symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, or the presence of a hiatal hernia are all associated with Sandifer syndrome. The cause of Sandifer syndrome being uncertain, lifestyle adjustments and modifications highlights as the appropriate mode of treatment. To treat the condition and help relax the baby after feeding, dietary changes or medications can be administered. The case report of a patient with Sandifer Syndrome is considered for observation. Upon arrival, the child was stable, and an Electro-encephalogram (EEG) test revealed nothing abnormal. The child was taking several Anti-epileptic drugs (AED’s), which were stopped in favour of Sodium valproate and Pyridoxine.  An opinion from a Gastro-enterologist was sought in light of the epilepsy and possible Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), and they suggested a milk scan. Rantac was then started, and breastfeeds were thickened. Milk can indicate mild GERD and a reduction in episode frequency. So, sodium valproate was discontinued. Haemodynamically stable child was discharged from the hospital with Pyridoxine and Carnisure. Studies shows most cases of SS improve over time, within the first 24 months in general.

Reviewed Study on Novel Search Mechanism for Web Mining

There are many methodologies for finding patterns in the client's navigation. For instance, acquaints new calculations with retrieve taxonomy of a solitary web webpage from the snap floods of its clients. They have developed a framework to discover how the time influences the client conduct while surfing a web page. That is, they segment the logs of navigation of the clients in various time intervals; and after that they find what time intervals truly meddle with the client conduct

A MODIFIED C-DUMP CONVERTER FOR PMSM MACHINE USED IN A FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

This paper presents a modified C-dump converter for permanent magnetic synchronous (PMSM) machine used in the flywheel energy storage system. The converter can realize the energy bidirectional flowing and has the capability to recover the energy extracted from the turnoff phase of the PMSM machine. The principle of operation, modeling, and control strategy of the system has been investigated in the paper. Simulation and experimental results of the proposed system are also presented and discussed

An overview on the Impact of Food Fraud Incidences in Various Countries and its Detection Methods, Assessment Techniques and Preventive Measures

Food fraud is not just a local issue but perhaps a global phenomenon. If the food available in the market are undetected or poorly controlled, this can harm consumer health. Food fraud causes a lack of traceability of supply chains and may eventually be a risk to food safety. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the various types of food fraud and to evaluate the detection methods in identifying the adulterants. It also addresses the importance of vulnerability assessment of food fraud and key actions required for its prevention. Fighting food fraud will remain a race between the fraudsters and scientists developing new methods to prevent them. The review is unique that it summarized food fraud types, basic and instrument-based detection techniques for adulterants identification and it also focuses on the international governing bodies concerned with food laws and regulations. This study also provides perceptions of the interplay between vulnerability assessment and food fraud prevention

Anterior Mediastinal Mass: A Rare Presentation of Tuberculosis

We report a case of a 14-year-boy who presented to us with a low-grade fever with evening rise for 9 months. Along with this, the patient also reported a reduction in his appetite and body weight. He had a mild dry cough but no respiratory symptoms otherwise. There was no other localization for fever on history. He received antitubercular therapy, based on abnormal chest radiograph. However, there was no relief in his symptoms. General physical examination revealed mild fever. Systemic examination was unremarkable. Blood investigations done for fever were noncontributory. Computed tomographic (CT) scan of the chest revealed a mediastinal mass compressing the trachea. The possibilities of lymphoma or germ cell tumour were considered. A biopsy from the mass under CT guidance was performed. The histopathology revealed multiple epithelioid cell granulomas with necrosis, and the diagnosis of tuberculosis was made. The clinical course of this patient and the relevant literature is presented in this paper