32,941 research outputs found
Combinatorics of lattice paths with and without spikes
We derive a series of results on random walks on a d-dimensional hypercubic
lattice (lattice paths). We introduce the notions of terse and simple paths
corresponding to the path having no backtracking parts (spikes). These paths
label equivalence classes which allow a rearrangement of the sum over paths.
The basic combinatorial quantities of this construction are given. These
formulas are useful when performing strong coupling (hopping parameter)
expansions of lattice models. Some applications are described.Comment: Latex. 25 page
Three-dimensional flow instability in a lid-driven isosceles triangular cavity
Linear three-dimensional modal instability of steady laminar two-dimensional states developing in a lid-driven cavity of isosceles triangular cross-section is investigated theoretically and experimentally for the case in which the equal sides form a rectangular corner. An asymmetric steady two-dimensional motion is driven by the steady motion of one of the equal sides. If the side moves away from the rectangular corner, a stationary three-dimensional instability is found. If the motion is directed towards the corner, the instability is oscillatory. The respective critical Reynolds numbers are identified both theoretically and experimentally. The neutral curves pertinent to the two configurations and the properties of the respective leading eigenmodes are documented and analogies to instabilities in rectangular lid-driven cavities are discussed
Comparative aspects of phytase and xylanase effects on performance, mineral digestibility, and ileal phytate degradation in broilers and turkeys
Two experiments were performed, using broilers or turkeys, each utilizing a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, to compare their response to phytase and xylanase supplementation with growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal phytate degradation as response criteria. For both experiments, 960 Ross 308 or 960 BUT 10 (0-day-old) birds were allocated to 6 treatments: (1) control diet, containing phytase at 500 FTU/kg; (2) the control diet with xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg); (3) the control diet supplemented on top with phytase (1,500 FTU/kg); (4) diet supplemented with 1,500 FTU/kg phytase and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg); (5) the control diet supplemented with phytase (3,000 FTU/kg); and (6) diet supplemented with 3,000 FTU/kg phytase and xylanase (16,000 BXU/kg). Each treatment had 8 replicates of 20 birds each. Water and diets based on wheat, soybean meal, oilseed rape meal, and barley were available ad libitum. Body weight gain and feed intake were measured from 0 to 28 D, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) corrected for mortality was calculated. Ileal digestibility for dry matter and minerals on day 7 and 28 were analyzed in addition to levels of inositol phosphate esters (InsP6-3) and myo-inositol. Statistical comparisons were performed using ANOVA. Xylanase supplementation improved 28D FCR in broilers and turkeys. Increasing doses of phytase reduced FI and improved FCR only in broilers. In broilers, the age × phytase interaction for phosphorous digestibility showed that increasing phytase dose was more visible on day 7, than on day 28. Mineral digestibility was lower in 28-day-old turkey compared with 7-day-old turkey. InsP6 disappearance increased with increasing phytase levels in both species, with lower levels analyzed in turkeys. InsP6 disappearance was greater in younger turkeys (day 7 compared with day 28). In conclusion, although broilers and turkeys shared several similarities in their growth and nutrient utilization responses, the outcomes of the 2 trials also differed in many aspects. Whether this is because of difference in diets (InsP or Ca level) or differences between species needs further investigation
Confinement of electrons in layered metals
We analyze the out of plane hopping in models of layered systems where the
in--plane properties deviate from Landau's theory of a Fermi liquid. We show
that the hopping term acquires a non trivial energy dependence, due to the
coupling to in plane excitations, and can be either relevant or irrelevant at
low energies or temperatures. The latter is always the case if the Fermi level
lies close to a saddle point in the dispersion relation.Comment: 4 pages, 1 eps figur
Adsorption of H2O, NH3, CO, NO2, and NO on graphene: A first-principles study
Motivated by the recent realization of graphene sensors to detect individual
gas molecules, we investigate the adsorption of H2O, NH3, CO, NO2, and NO on a
graphene substrate using first-principles calculations. The optimal adsorption
position and orientation of these molecules on the graphene surface is
determined and the adsorption energies are calculated. Molecular doping, i.e.
charge transfer between the molecules and the graphene surface, is discussed in
light of the density of states and the molecular orbitals of the adsorbates.
The efficiency of doping of the different molecules is determined and the
influence of their magnetic moment is discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
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