Larval Dispersal In Chrysomya Megacephala, Chrysomya Putoria And Cochliomyia Macellaria (dipt., Calliphoridae): Ecological Implications Of Aggregation Behaviour

In this study we investigate aggregated patterns as a consequence of post-feeding larval dispersal in three blowfly species, based on the frequency distribution of sampling units in the substrate having 0, 1, 2,..., n pupae. Statistical analysis revealed that aggregated patterns of distribution emerge as a consequence of larval dispersal, and Cochliomyia macellaria has higher levels of aggregation when compared to Chrysomya megacephala and C. putoria. Aggregation during dispersal is associated with a spatial pattern where most larvae in the species tend to pupariate near the food source. The possible consequences for the population ecology of these species are discussed.1207423426Atkinson, W.D., Shorrocks, B., Competition on a divided and ephemeral resource: A simulation model (1981) J. Anim. Ecol., 50, pp. 461-471Aggregation of larval diptera over discrete and ephemeral breeding sites: The implications for coexistence (1984) Amer. Natur., 124, pp. 336-351Bliss, C.I., Fisher, R.A., Fitting the negative binomial distribution to biological data and a note on the efficient fitting of the negative binomial (1953) Biometrics, 9, pp. 176-200Braack, L.E.O., Arthropods associated with carcasses in the northern Kruger National Park (1986) Suid-Afrik. Tyds. Vir Natuur., 16, pp. 91-98Godoy, W.A.C., Fowler, H.G., Vonzuben, C.J., Ziti, L., Ribeiro, O.B., Larval dispersion in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dipt., Calliphoridae) (1995) J. Appl. Ent., 119, pp. 263-266Ives, A.R., Aggregation and the coexistence of competitors (1988) Ann. Zool. Fennici, 25, pp. 75-88Kneidel, K.A., Patchiness, aggregation and the coexistence of competitors for ephemeral resources (1985) Ecol. Entomol., 10, pp. 441-448Kretzschmar, M., Adler, F.R., Aggregated distributions in models for patchy populations (1993) Theor. Pop. Biol., 43, pp. 1-30Leal, T.T.S., Prado, A.P., Antunes, A.J., Rearing the larvae of the blowfly Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on oligidic diets (1982) Rev. Bras. Zool., 1, pp. 41-44Legner, E.F., Temperature, humidity and depth of habitat influencing host destruction and fecundity of muscoid fly parasites (1977) Entomophaga, 22, pp. 199-206Levot, G.W., Brown, K.R., Shipp, E., Larval growth of some calliphorid and sarcophagid Diptera (1979) Bull. Entomol. Res., 69, pp. 469-475Ludwig, J.A., Reynolds, J.F., (1988) Statistical Ecology. A Primer on Methods and Computing, , New York, John Wiley and SonsMacleod, J., Donnelly, J., Microgeographic aggregations in blowfly populations (1962) J. Anim. Ecol., 31, pp. 525-544Dispersal and interspersal of blowfly populations (1963) J. Anim. Ecol., 32, pp. 1-32Mayer, D.G., Atzeni, M.G., Estimation of dispersal distances for Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1993) Environ. Entomol., 22, pp. 368-374Peschke, K., Krapf, D., Fuldner, D., Ecological separation, functional relationships, and limiting resources in a carrion insect community (1987) Zool. Jahr. Syst. Oekol.Geogr. Tiere., 114, pp. 241-265Poulin, R., The disparity between observed and uniform distributions: A new look at parasite aggregation (1993) Int. J. Parasitol., 23, pp. 937-944Prout, T., The delayed effect on adult fertility of immature crowding: Population dynamics (1984) Population Biology and Evolution, pp. 83-86. , Ed. by WÖHRMANN, K., LOESCHCKE, V. Berlin, Springer-VerlagPutman, R.J., Dynamics of the blowfly. Calliphora erythrocephala, within carrion (1977) J. Anim. Ecol., 46, pp. 853-866Rosewell, B., Shorrocks, B., Edwards, K., Com petition on a divided and ephemeral resource: Testing the assumptions. I. Aggregation (1990) J. Anim. Ecol., 59, pp. 977-1001Shorrocks, B., Rosewell, J., Edwards, K., Atkikson, W.D., Interspecific competition is not a major organism force in many insect communities (1984) Nature, 310, pp. 310-312Sokal, R.R., Rohlf, F.J., (1981) Biometry, , W. H. Freeman and Company. New YorkSréter, T., Molná, R.V., Kassai, T., The distribution of nematode egg counts and larval counts in grazing sheep and their implications for parasite control (1994) Int. J. Parasitol., 24, pp. 103-108Umoru, P.A., Aggregation of frit fly larvae (Oscinella spp.Geomyza tripunctata Fall.) and immature hymenopterous parasitoids in grassland in northern England (1994) J. Appl. Ent., 117, pp. 158-164Wells, J.D., Greenberg, B., Interaction between Chrysomya rufifacies and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dip tera: Calliphoridae): the possible consequences of an invasion (1992) Bull. Entomol. Res., 82, pp. 133-137Laboratory interaction between introduced Chrysomya rufifacies and the native Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1992) Env. Entomol., 21, pp. 640-64

The Spatial Dynamics Of Native And Introduced Blowflies (dipt., Calliphoridae)

The spatial dynamics of three blowfly species was investigated using a spatially extended model of density-dependent population growth and the results indicate an overall stabilizing effect. Introduction of diffusive dispersal induced a quantitative effect of damping variation in population size on the route to a one-fixed point equilibrium in the native species, Cochliomyia macellaria. On the other hand, diffusive dispersal caused qualitative shifts in the dynamics of two invading species, Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria. In both species diffusive dispersal can produce a qualitative shift from a two-point limit cycle to a one fixed-point dynamics. Quantitatively, dispersal also has the effect of damping oscillations in population size in the invading species.1216305309Bascompte, J., Solé, R.V., Spatially induced bifurcations in single-species population dynamics (1994) J. Anim. Ecol., 63, pp. 256-264Appropriate formulations for dispersal in spatially structured models: Reply (1995) J. Anim. Ecol., 64, pp. 665-666Baumgartner, D.L., Greenberg, G., The genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the New World (1984) J. Med. Entomol., 21, pp. 105-113Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Comins, H.N., Hassell, M.P., May, R.M., The spatial dynamics of host-parasitoid systems (1992) J. Anim. Ecol., 61, pp. 735-748Csilling, A., Jánosj, I.M., Pástor, G., Scheuring, I., Absence of chaos in a self-organized critical coupled map lattice (1994) Phys. Rev. E, 50, pp. 1083-1092Furlanetto, S.M., Campos, M.L.C., Harsi, C.M., Microrganismos enteropatogênicos em moscas africanas pertencentes ao gênero Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) no Brasil (1984) Rev. Microbiol., 15, pp. 170-174Godoy, W.A.C., Reis, S.F., Von Zuben, C.J., Ribeiro, O.B., Population dynamics of Chrysomya putoria (Wied.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae) (1993) J. Appl. Ent., 116, pp. 163-169Greenberg, B., (1971) Flies and Disease, 1. , Princeton: Princeton University Press(1973) Flies and Disease, 2. , Princeton: Princeton University PressChrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) collected in North America and notes on Chrysomya present in the New World (1988) J. Med. Entomol., 25, pp. 199-200Greenberg, B., Szyska, M.L., Immature stages and biology of 15 species of peruvian Calliphorid (Diptera) (1984) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 77, pp. 488-517Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in Southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 22, pp. 53-60Hastings, A., Complex interactions between dispersal and dynamics: Lessons from coupled logistic equations (1993) Ecology, 74, pp. 1362-1372Hengeveld, R., (1989) Dynamics of Biological Invasions, , London: Chapman and HallKareiva, P., Population dynamics in spatially complex environments: Theory and data (1991) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 330, pp. 175-190Laurence, B.A., Geographical expansion of the range of Chrysomya blowflies (1981) Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75, pp. 130-131Lewis, M.A., Kareiva, P., Allee dynamics and the spread of invading organisms (1993) Theor. Pop. Biol., 43, pp. 141-158Lodge, D.M., Biological invasions: Lessons for ecology (1993) Trends Ecol. Evol., 8, pp. 133-137Moler, C., Little, J., Baugert, S., (1987) PC-MATLAB User's Guide, Version 3.2-PC, , Sherborn: The Mathworks, IncPascual, M., Diffusion-induced chaos in a spatial predator-prey system (1993) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 251, pp. 1-7Prout, T., Mcchesney, F., Competition among immatures affects their adult fecundity: Population dynamics (1985) Am. Nat., 126, pp. 521-558Reis, S.F., Teixeira, M.A., Von Zuben, F.J., Godoy, W.A.C., Von Zuben, C.J., Theoretical dynamics of experimental populations of introduced and native blow-flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1996) J. Med. Entomol., 33, pp. 537-544Ruxton, G.D., Temporal scales and the occurrence of chaos in coupled populations (1995) Trends Ecol. Evol., 10, pp. 141-142Wells, J.D., Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has reached the continental United States: review of its biology, pest status, and spread around the world (1991) J. Med. Entomol., 28, pp. 471-473Wells, J.D., Kurahashi, H., Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development: Rate, variation and the implications for forensic entomology (1994) Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 45, pp. 303-309Von Zuben, C.J., Reis, S.F., Val, J.B.R., Godoy, W.A.C., Ribeiro, O.B., Dynamics of a mathematical model of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1993) J. Med. Entomol., 30, pp. 443-448Zumpt, F., (1965) Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World, , London: Butterworth

Theoretical Approaches To Forensic Entomology: I. Mathematical Model Of Postfeeding Larval Dispersal

An overall theoretical approach to model phenomena of interest for forensic entomology is advanced. Efforts are concentrated in identifying biological attributes at the individual, population and community of the arthropod fauna associated with decomposing human corpses and then incorporating these attributes into mathematical models. In particular in this paper a diffusion model of dispersal of post feeding larvae is described for blowflies, which are the most common insects associated with corpses.1206379382Blackith, R.E., Blackith, R.M., Insect infestation of small corpses (1990) J. Nat. Hist., 24, pp. 699-709Braun, M., (1983) Differential Equations and Their Applications, , Berlin: Springer-VerlagCatts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Edelstein-Keshet, L., (1988) Mathematical Models in Biology, , New York: McGraw-HillEwens, W., (1979) Mathematical Population Genetics, , Berlin: Springer-VerlagGodoy, W.A.C., Fowler, H.G., Von Zuben, C.J., Ziti, L., Ribeiro, O.B., Larval dispersion in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (1996) J. Appl. Ent., 119, pp. 263-266Godoy, W.A.C., Von Zuben, C.J., Reis, S.F., Larval dispersal in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dipt., Calliphoridae): Ecological implications of aggregation behaviour (1996) J. Appl. Ent., , in pressGreenberg, B., Forensic entomology: Case studies (1985) Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 31, pp. 25-28Behavior of postfeeding larvae of some Calliphoridae and a muscid (Diptera) (1990) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 83, pp. 1210-1214Flies as forensic indicators (1991) J. Med. Entomol., 28, pp. 565-577Hanski, I., Carrion fly community dynamics: Patchiness, seasonality and coexistence (1987) Ecol. Entomol., 12, pp. 257-266Holmes, E.E., Lewis, M.A., Banks, J.E., Veit, R.R., Partial differential equations in ecology: Spatial interactions and population dynamics (1994) Ecology, 75, pp. 17-29Jin, L., Chakraborty, R., Population structure, stepwise mutations, heterozygote deficiency and their implications to DNA forensics (1995) Heredity, 74, pp. 274-285Nagylaki, T., (1992) Introduction to Theoretical Population Genetics, , Berlin: Springer-VerlagNuorteva, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1977) Forensic Medicine: A Study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards, pp. 1072-1095. , Ed. by TEDESCHI, C. G.ECKERT, W. G.TEDESCHI, L. G., Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders CompanySchoenly, K., A statistical analysis of successional patterns in carrion-arthropod assemblages: Implications for forensic entomology and determination of the post-mortem interval (1992) J. Forensic Sci., 37, pp. 1489-1513Schoenly, K., Goff, M.L., Early, M., A BASIC algorithm for calculating the postmortem interval from arthropod successional data (1992) J. Forensic Sci., 37, pp. 808-823Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A Manual of Forensic Entomology, , Ithaca: Cornell University PressWeir, B.S., The effects of inbreeding on forensic calculations (1994) Annu. Rev. Genet., 28, pp. 5970-6621Wells, J.D., Kurahashi, H., Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development: Rate, variation and the implications for forensic entomology (1994) Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 45, pp. 303-30

Diffusion Model Applied To Postfeeding Larval Dispersal In Blowflies (diptera: Calliphoridae)

This paper presents a diffusion model of larval dispersal especifically designed to account for particular aspects of postfeeding larval dispersal from the food source in organisms such as blowflies. In these organisms the dispersal of immatures includes two groups of individuals, those that are actively migrating and those that have initiated the pupation process. The classical diffusion equation in one dimension was modified to incorporate a function which describes the burying of larvae to become pupae. The analytical solution of this equation predicts oscillatory and monotonic dispersal behaviors, which are observed in experimental populations of blowfly species.922281286Andow, D.A., Kareiva, P.M., Levin, S.A., Okubo, A., Spread of invading organisms: Patterns of dispersal (1993) Evolution of Insect Pests, pp. 219-242. , KC Kim, BA McPheron (eds), John Wiley, New YorkBanks, H.T., Kareiva, P.M., Zia, L., Analyzing field studies of insect dispersal using two-dimensional transport equations (1988) Environ Ent, 17, pp. 815-820Baumgartner, D.L., Greenberg, B., The genus Chrysomya (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the New World (1984) J Med Ent, 21, pp. 105-113Blackith, R.E., Blackith, R.M., Insect infestations of small corpses (1990) J Nat Hist, 24, pp. 699-709Broadbent, S.R., Kendall, D.G., The random walk of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (1953) Biometrika, 9, pp. 460-465Christie, I., Wilder, J.W., Colbert, J.J., Modeling of one-dimensional spatial effects on the spread of gypsy moths (1995) Ecol Model, 78, pp. 219-234De Jong, G., The influence of the distribution of juveniles over patches of food on the dynamics of a population (1979) Nether J Zool, 29, pp. 33-51Gaines, S.D., Bertness, M., The dynamics of juvenile dispersal: Why field ecologists must integrate (1994) Ecology, 74, pp. 2430-2435Greenberg, B., Szyska, M.L., Immature stages and biology of fifteen species of Peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera) (1984) Ann Ent Soc Amer, 77, pp. 488-517Guimarães, J.H., Considerações gerais sobre moscas do gênero Chrysomya no Brasil (1984) Agroquimica, 24, pp. 8-12Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in Southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Revta Bras Ent, 22, pp. 53-60Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Buralli, G.M., Dispersal and distribution of three newly introduced species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy in Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1979) Revta Bras Ent, 23, pp. 245-255Gurney, W.S.C., Nisbet, R.M., The regulation of inhomogeneous populations (1975) J Theor Biol, 52, pp. 441-457Heiland, I.S., Hoff, J.M., Anderbrant, G., Attraction of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scotylidae) to a pheromone trap: experiment and mathematical models (1984) J Chem Ecol, 10, pp. 723-752Holmes, E.E., Are diffusion models too simple? A comparison with telegraph models of invasion (1993) Am Nat, 142, pp. 403-419Holmes, E.E., Lewis, M.A., Banks, J.E., Veit, R.R., Partial differential equations in ecology: Spatial interactions and population dynamics (1994) Ecology, 75, pp. 17-29Ives, A.R., Aggregation and coexistence in a carrion fly community (1991) Ecol Monogr, 6, pp. 75-94Kareiva, P.M., Experimental and mathematical analyses of herbivore movement: Quantifying the influence of plant spacing on foraging discrimination (1982) Ecol Monogr, 52, pp. 261-282Kareiva, P.M., Local movement in herbivorous insects: Applying a passive diffusion model to mark-recapture field experiments (1983) Oecologia, 57, pp. 322-327Kneidel, K.A., Competition and disturbance in communities of carrion-breeding Diptera (1984) J Anim Ecol, 53, pp. 849-865Leal, T.T., Prado, A.P., Antunes, A.J., Rearing the larvae of blowfly Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) on oligidic diets (1982) Rev Bras Zool, 1, pp. 41-44Murray, J.D., (1989) Mathematical Biology, 787p. , Springer-Verlag, BerlinNorris, K.R., The ecology of sheep blowflies in Australia (1959) Biogeography and Ecology in Australia, 8, pp. 514-544. , A Keast, RL Crocker, CS Christian (eds), Junk, The HagueOkubo, A., (1980) Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Mathematical Models, 245p. , Springer-Verlag, New YorkPeschke, K., Krapp, D., Fuldner, D., Ecological separation, functional relationships, and limiting resources in a carrion insect community (1987) Zool Jahr Syst, 114, pp. 241-265Possingham, H.P., Roughgarden, J., Spatial population dynamics of a marine organism with a complex life cycle (1990) Ecology, 71, pp. 973-985Prout, T., McChesney, F., Competition among immatures affects their adult fertility: Population dynamics (1985) Am Nat, 126, pp. 521-558Putman, R.J., Dynamics of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala, within carrion (1977) J Anim Ecol, 46, pp. 853-866Roughgarden, J., Gaines, S.D., Possingham, H.P., Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles (1988) Science, 241, pp. 1460-1466Sereno, F.T.P.S., Neves, D.P., Ocorrência natural de microhimenópteros parasitóides de pupas de moscas em avírio (1993) An Soc Ent Bras, 22, pp. 527-533Ullyett, G.C., Competition for food and allied phenomena in sheep-blowfly populations (1950) Phil Trans R Soc London, B234, pp. 77-17

Corrigendum To "non-local Interactions And The Dynamics Of Dispersal In Immature Insects" [j. Theor. Biol. 185 (4) (1997) 523-531]

A simple mathematical model is developed to explain the appearance of oscillations in the dispersal of larvae from the food source in experimental populations of certain species of blowflies. The life history of the immature stage in these flies, and in a number of other insects, is a system with two populations, one of larvae dispersing on the soil and the other of larvae that burrow in the soil to pupate. The observed oscillations in the horizontal distribution of buried pupae at the end of the dispersal process are hypothesized to be a consequence of larval crowding at a given point in the pupation substrate. It is assumed that dispersing larvae are capable of perceiving variations in density of larvae buried at a given point in the substrate of pupation, and that pupal density may influence pupation of dispersing larvae. The assumed interaction between dispersing larvae and the larvae that are burrowing to pupate is modeled using the concept of non-local effects. Numerical solutions of integro-partial differential equations developed to model density-dependent immature dispersal demonstrate that variation in the parameter that governs the non-local interaction between dispersing and buried larvae induces oscillations in the final horizontal distribution of pupae. © 2013.336252258Bengtsson, G., Hedlund, K., Rundgren, S., Food- and density-dependent dispersal] evidence from a soil collembolan (1994) Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, pp. 513-520Boldrini, J.L., Moretti, A.C., Patterns of post-feeding larval dispersion in blowflies (1995) Technical Report UNICAMP-IMECC, 24, pp. 1-21de Jong, G., The influence of the distribution of juveniles over patches of food on the dynamics of a population (1979) Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 29, pp. 33-51Felsenstein, J., (1994) Theoretical Evolutionary Genetics, , University of Washington Press, SeattleGaines, S.D., Bertness, M., The dynamics of juvenile dispersal: why field ecologists must integrate (1993) Ecology, 74, pp. 2430-2435Gilpin, M., The genetic effective size of a metapopulation (1991) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 42, pp. 165-175Ginzburg, L.R., (1983) Theory of Natural Selection and Population Growth, , The Benjamin: Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo ParkGodoy, W.A.C., Reis, S.F., Von Zuben, C.J., Ribeiro, O.B., Population dynamics of Chrysomya putoria (Dipt., Calliphoridae) (1993) Journal of Applied Entomology, 116, pp. 163-169Godoy, W.A.C., Fowler, H.G., Von Zuben, C.J., Ziti, L., Ribeiro, O.B., Larval dispersion in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dipt., Calliphoridae) (1995) Journal of Applied Entomology, 119, pp. 263-266Godoy, W.A.C.G., Von Zuben, C.J., Reis, S.F., Larval dispersal in Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Dipt., Calliphoridae): ecological consequences of aggregation behavior (1996) Journal of Applied Entomology, 120, pp. 423-426Greenberg, B., Behavior of postfeeding larvae of some Calliphoridae and a Muscidae (Diptera) (1990) Annals of the Entomological Society, 83, pp. 1210-1214Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in Southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 22, pp. 53-60Hanski, I., Carrion fly community dynamics: patchiness, seasonality and coexistence (1987) Ecological Entomology, 12, pp. 257-266Heinrich, J.C., Huyakorn, P.S., Mitchell, A.R., Zienkiewicz, O., An "upwind" finite element scheme for two-dimensional convective transport equation (1977) International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 11, pp. 131-143Ives, A., The optimal clutch size of insects when many females oviposit per patch (1989) American Naturalist, 133, pp. 671-687Ives, A., Aggregation and coexistence in a carrion fly community (1991) Ecological Monographs, 61, pp. 75-94Kot, M., Discrete-time travelling waves: ecological examples (1992) Journal of Mathematical Biology, 30, pp. 413-436Kotaki, T., Fujii, H., Crowding inhibits pupation in Tribolium freemani: contact chemical and mechanical stimuli are involved (1995) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 74, pp. 145-149Levot, G.W., Brown, K.R., Shipp, E., Larval growth of some calliphorid and sarcophagid Diptera (1979) Bulletin of Entomological Research, 69, pp. 469-475Ludwig, J.A., Reynolds, J.F., (1988) Statistical Ecology: A Primer on Methods and Computing, , John Wiley and Sons, New YorkMueller, L.D., Density-dependent rates of population growth: estimation in laboratory populations (1986) American Naturalist, 128, pp. 282-293Mueller, L.D., Density-dependent population growth and natural selection in food-limited environments: the Drosophila model (1988) American Naturalist, 132, pp. 786-809Murray, J.D., (1990) Mathematical Biology, , Springer-Verlag, BerlinNagylaki, T., (1992) Introduction to Theoretical Population Genetics, , Springer-Verlag, BerlinNakakita, H., Effect of larval density on pupation of Tribolium freemani Hinton (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (1982) Applied Entomology and Zoology, 17, pp. 269-276Okubo, A., (1980) Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Mathematical Models, , Springer Verlag, BerlinProut, T., Mcchesney, F., Competition among immatures affects their adult fertility: population dynamics (1985) American Naturalist, 126, pp. 521-558Rohani, P., Miramontes, O., Immigration and the persistence of chaos in population models (1995) Journal of the Theoretical Biology, 175, pp. 203-206Roughgarden, J., Gaines, S.D., Possingham, H., Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles (1988) Science, 241, pp. 1460-1466Taylor, R.A.J., The relationship between density and distance of dispersing insects (1977) Ecological Entomology, 3, pp. 63-70Taylor, L.R., Taylor, R.A.J., Aggregation, migration and population mechanics (1977) Nature, 265, pp. 415-421Tschinkel, W.R., Willson, C.P., Inhibition of pupation due to crowding in some tenebrionid beetles (1971) Journal of Experimental Zoology, 176, pp. 137-146Von Zuben, C.J., Reis, S.F., Val, J.B.R., Godoy, W.A.C., Ribeiro, O.B., Dynamics of a mathematical model of Chrysomya megacephala (1993) Journal of Medical Entomology, 30, pp. 443-448Von Zuben, C.J., Bassanezi, R.C., Reis, S.F., Godoy, W.A.C., Von Zuben, F.J., Theoretical approaches to forensic entomology. I. Mathematical model of postfeeding larval dispersal (1996) Journal of Applied Entomology, 120, pp. 379-382Yto, Y., Contact stimulation between intact and amputated deuteronymphs of Parasitus gregarious for induction of molting (1977) Applied Entomology and Zoology, 12, pp. 290-29

Retracted: Retraction Notice To "non-local Interactions And The Dynamics Of Dispersal In Immature Insects"

[No abstract available]33625