Understanding the clinical spectrum of complicated Plasmodium vivax malaria: a systematic review on the contributions of the Brazilian literature

The resurgence of the malaria eradication agenda and the increasing number of severe manifestation reports has contributed to a renewed interested in the Plasmodium vivax infection. It is the most geographically widespread parasite causing human malaria, with around 2.85 billion people living under risk of infection. The Brazilian Amazon region reports more than 50% of the malaria cases in Latin America and since 1990 there is a marked predominance of this species, responsible for 85% of cases in 2009. However, only a few complicated cases of P. vivax have been reported from this region. A systematic review of the Brazilian indexed and non-indexed literature on complicated cases of vivax malaria was performed including published articles, masters' dissertations, doctoral theses and national congresses' abstracts. The following information was retrieved: patient characteristics (demographic, presence of co-morbidities and, whenever possible, associated genetic disorders); description of each major clinical manifestation. As a result, 27 articles, 28 abstracts from scientific events' annals and 13 theses/dissertations were found, only after 1987. Most of the reported information was described in small case series and case reports of patients from all the Amazonian states, and also in travellers from Brazilian non-endemic areas. The more relevant clinical complications were anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, jaundice and acute respiratory distress syndrome, present in all age groups, in addition to other more rare clinical pictures. Complications in pregnant women were also reported. Acute and chronic co-morbidities were frequent, however death was occasional. Clinical atypical cases of malaria are more frequent than published in the indexed literature, probably due to a publication bias. In the Brazilian Amazon (considered to be a low to moderate intensity area of transmission), clinical data are in accordance with the recent findings of severity described in diverse P. vivax endemic areas (especially anaemia in Southeast Asia), however in this region both children and adults are affected. Finally, gaps of knowledge and areas for future research are opportunely pointed out

Concomitância de leishmanioses e infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV): estudo de quatro casos Concurrent leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus infection: a study of four cases

São apresentados quatro casos de leishmaniose em pacientes com SIDA, sendo dois de leishmaniose visceral e dois com forma cutâneo-mucosa. Lesões cutâneas e de mucosa oral, disseminadas, estavam presentes nos pacientes com a forma tegumentar da doença. Febre prolongada, hepatoesplenomegalia e pancitopenia foram as manifestações principais da forma visceral. A contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ era baixa em todos os casos. A pesquisa de leishmanias foi positiva no aspirado de medula óssea e na biópsia de lesões cutâneas e mucosas. Os pacientes responderam ao tratamento com antimoniais pentavalentes e com a anfotericina B. Poucos casos de coinfecção leishmaniose e HIV têm sido descritos em nosso meio. Apesar da ampla expansão de ambas, até agora suas áreas de distribuição geográfica teve pouca superposição. Os autores recomendam a inclusão desta parasitose no diagnostico diferencial das doenças oportunistas que acometem indivíduos com SIDA.<br>Few cases of concurrent leishmaniasis and HIV infection have been reported in Brazil, despite both infections being in expansion. Two cases of visceral leishmaniasis and two cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are discussed. Disseminated skin and oral lesions were found in the patients with the cutaneous form of the disease. Prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia were the main manifestations of the visceral form. The CD4 T lymphocyte count was low in all cases. Direct examination of bone marrow aspirate for leishmania and biopsy of cutaneous lesions are the techniques of choice to confirm diagnosis. Pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B are preferred drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis, including patients with AIDS. The authors recommend the inclusion of this parasitosis in the differential diagnosis of opportunistic diseases in patients with AIDS