Procedures to select priority areas for payment for ecosystem services programs.

This work was developed in order to contribute to the application of principles of ecosystem ser-vices in decision-making for water resources management. It aims to identify procedures and meth-odologies used for decision-making in order to select priority areas to be included in projects or programs of compensation for ecosystem services. To do so, methods and experiences to select pri-ority areas were sought in the technical and scientific literature; the key steps used in the selection process of priority areas were identified; then a survey of the procedures adopted to each key step was done considering the literature selected; and, finally, the information collected was analyzed and classified. The results we found showed the main objectives, actions and criteria used to select priority areas for compensation for ecosystem services programs or projects. They also indicate the pressing need for these projects or programs to systematize and share their experiences in this are

Suppression of Raf-1 kinase activity and MAP kinase signalling by RKIP

Raf-1 phosphorylates and activates MEK-1, a kinase that activates the extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK). This kinase cascade controls the proliferation and differentiation of different cell types. Here we describe a Raf-1-interacting protein, isolated using a yeast two-hybrid screen. This protein inhibits the phosphorylation and activation of MEK by Raf-1 and is designated RKIP (Raf kinase inhibitor protein). In vitro, RKIP binds to Raf-1, MEK and ERK, but not to Ras. RKIP co-immunoprecipitates with Raf-1 and MEK from cell lysates and colocalizes with Raf-1 when examined by confocal microscopy. RKIP is not a substrate for Raf-1 or MEK, but competitively disrupts the interaction between these kinases. RKIP overexpression interferes with the activation of MEK and ERK, induction of AP-1-dependent reporter genes and transformation elicited by an oncogenically activated Raf-1 kinase. Downregulation of endogenous RKIP by expression of antisense RNA or antibody microinjection induces the activation of MEK-, ERK- and AP-1-dependent transcription. RKIP represents a new class of protein-kinase-inhibitor protein that regulates the activity of the Raf/MEK/ERK modul

E0 Transitions and the Depopulation of SD Bands

We present the results of calculations showing that E0 transitions may successfully compete with other types of electromagnetic transitions in the decay out of SD bands

Necdin, a p53-Target Gene, Is an Inhibitor of p53-Mediated Growth Arrest

In vitro, cellular immortalization and transformation define a model for multistep carcinogenesis and current ongoing challenges include the identification of specific molecular events associated with steps along this oncogenic pathway. Here, using NIH3T3 cells, we identified transcriptionally related events associated with the expression of Polyomavirus Large-T antigen (PyLT), a potent viral oncogene. We propose that a subset of these alterations in gene expression may be related to the early events that contribute to carcinogenesis. The proposed tumor suppressor Necdin, known to be regulated by p53, was within a group of genes that was consistently upregulated in the presence of PyLT. While Necdin is induced following p53 activation with different genotoxic stresses, Necdin induction by PyLT did not involve p53 activation or the Rb-binding site of PyLT. Necdin depletion by shRNA conferred a proliferative advantage to NIH3T3 and PyLT-expressing NIH3T3 (NIHLT) cells. In contrast, our results demonstrate that although overexpression of Necdin induced a growth arrest in NIH3T3 and NIHLT cells, a growing population rapidly emerged from these arrested cells. This population no longer showed significant proliferation defects despite high Necdin expression. Moreover, we established that Necdin is a negative regulator of p53-mediated growth arrest induced by nutlin-3, suggesting that Necdin upregulation could contribute to the bypass of a p53-response in p53 wild type tumors. To support this, we characterized Necdin expression in low malignant potential ovarian cancer (LMP) where p53 mutations rarely occur. Elevated levels of Necdin expression were observed in LMP when compared to aggressive serous ovarian cancers. We propose that in some contexts, the constitutive expression of Necdin could contribute to cancer promotion by delaying appropriate p53 responses and potentially promote genomic instability

Análise de procedimentos para seleção de áreas prioritárias em programas de pagamento por serviços ambientais hídricos.

Resumo A abordagem de serviços ecossistêmicos tem se mostrado promissora para a avaliação das interações entre ecossistema e sociedade ao integrar conceitos ambientais e socioeconômicos o que requer conhecimento interdisciplinar. Porém, sua aplicação encontra limitações devido a lacunas de informação que orientem a tomada de decisão. Diante disso o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido buscando contribuir para a aplicação de princípios de serviços ecossistêmicos, no processo decisório em gestão de recursos hídricos. Seu objetivo é identificar procedimentos e metodologias empregados para a tomada de decisão visando a seleção de áreas prioritárias a serem contempladas em projetos ou programas de compensação por serviços ambientais. Para tal buscou-se na literatura técnica e científica publicações que descrevessem métodos e experiências para seleção de áreas prioritárias; identificaram-se as etapas-chave empregadas no processo de seleção de áreas prioritárias; em seguida fez-se um levantamento dos procedimentos adotados para cada etapa-chave, nos textos reunidos; e, por fim, as informações coletadas foram analisadas e classificadas. Considerando o universo amostral do presente trabalho, observou-se que a seleção de áreas prioritárias foi realizada com base no emprego direto dos critérios previamente determinados. A aplicação de indicadores, bem como a análise espacial, ainda são práticas pouco empregadas. Deve-se ressaltar, contudo, que a maioria dos documentos analisados não se propunha a descrever o processo de seleção de áreas prioritárias em detalhe, o que pode ter resultado em algumas omissões. Embora essas condições possam trazer limitações para as análises efetuadas neste trabalho, os resultados apresentados permitem identificar os principais objetivos, ações e critérios empregados para a seleção de áreas prioritárias em programas/projetos de compensação por serviços ambientais

Identificação de áreas prioritárias à intervenção em PSA hídricos.

bitstream/item/162996/1/Manual-PSA-2017-cap-2.pd