Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been consistently linked to psychiatric difficulties in children and adults. However, the long-term effects of ACEs on mental health during the early adult years have been understudied. In addition, many studies are methodologically limited by use of non-representative samples, and few studies have investigated gender and racial differences. The current study relates self-reported lifetime exposure to a range of ACEs in a community sample of high school seniors to three mental health outcomes–depressive symptoms, drug abuse, and antisocial behavior–two years later during the transition to adulthood. METHODS: The study has a two-wave, prospective design. A systematic probability sample of high school seniors (N = 1093) was taken from communities of diverse socioeconomic status. They were interviewed in person in 1998 and over the telephone two years later. Gender and racial differences in ACE prevalence were tested with chi-square tests. Each mental health outcome was regressed on one ACE, controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and SES to obtain partially standardized regression coefficients. RESULTS: Most ACEs were strongly associated with all three outcomes. The cumulative effect of ACEs was significant and of similar magnitude for all three outcomes. Except for sex abuse/assault, significant gender differences in the effects of single ACEs on depression and drug use were not observed. However, boys who experienced ACEs were more likely to engage in antisocial behavior early in young adulthood than girls who experienced similar ACEs. Where racial/ethnic differences existed, the adverse mental health impact of ACEs on Whites was consistently greater than on Blacks and Hispanics. CONCLUSION: Our sample of young adults from urban, socio-economically disadvantaged communities reported high rates of adverse childhood experiences. The public health impact of childhood adversity is evident in the very strong association between childhood adversity and depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and drug use during the early transition to adulthood. These findings, coupled with evidence that the impact of major childhood adversities persists well into adulthood, indicate the critical need for prevention and intervention strategies targeting early adverse experiences and their mental health consequences

The apicomplexan plastid and its evolution

Protistan species belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa have a non-photosynthetic secondary plastid—the apicoplast. Although its tiny genome and even the entire nuclear genome has been sequenced for several organisms bearing the organelle, the reason for its existence remains largely obscure. Some of the functions of the apicoplast, including housekeeping ones, are significantly different from those of other plastids, possibly due to the organelle’s unique symbiotic origin

Reduced costs with bisoprolol treatment for heart failure - An economic analysis of the second Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS-II)

Background Beta-blockers, used as an adjunctive to diuretics, digoxin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, improve survival in chronic heart failure. We report a prospectively planned economic analysis of the cost of adjunctive beta-blocker therapy in the second Cardiac Insufficiency BIsoprolol Study (CIBIS II). Methods Resource utilization data (drug therapy, number of hospital admissions, length of hospital stay, ward type) were collected prospectively in all patients in CIBIS . These data were used to determine the additional direct costs incurred, and savings made, with bisoprolol therapy. As well as the cost of the drug, additional costs related to bisoprolol therapy were added to cover the supervision of treatment initiation and titration (four outpatient clinic/office visits). Per them (hospital bed day) costings were carried out for France, Germany and the U.K. Diagnosis related group costings were performed for France and the U.K. Our analyses took the perspective of a third party payer in France and Germany and the National Health Service in the U.K. Results Overall, fewer patients were hospitalized in the bisoprolol group, there were fewer hospital admissions perpatient hospitalized, fewer hospital admissions overall, fewer days spent in hospital and fewer days spent in the most expensive type of ward. As a consequence the cost of care in the bisoprolol group was 5-10% less in all three countries, in the per them analysis, even taking into account the cost of bisoprolol and the extra initiation/up-titration visits. The cost per patient treated in the placebo and bisoprolol groups was FF35 009 vs FF31 762 in France, DM11 563 vs DM10 784 in Germany and pound 4987 vs pound 4722 in the U.K. The diagnosis related group analysis gave similar results. Interpretation Not only did bisoprolol increase survival and reduce hospital admissions in CIBIS II, it also cut the cost of care in so doing. This `win-win' situation of positive health benefits associated with cost savings is Favourable from the point of view of both the patient and health care systems. These findings add further support for the use of beta-blockers in chronic heart failure

Group 5 hydride and borohydride complexes supported by cyclopentadienyl-imido ligand sets.

Reactions of Cp*Ta(NAr)Cl2 and CpM(NAr)Cl2 (M = Nb, Ta; Ar = 2,6-C6H3(i)Pr2) with NaBH4 in the presence of an excess of PMe3 provided facile access to the corresponding dihydride derivatives Cp(R)M(NAr)H2(PMe3) (Cp(R) = Cp, Cp*). Reaction of Cp*Nb(NAr)Cl2 with NaBH4 in the absence of phosphine gave the Nb(+5) borohydride-hydride complex Cp*Nb(NAr)H(η(2)-BH4). When the corresponding reactions for CpM(NAr)Cl2 (M = Nb, Ta) were carried out in the absence of an excess of phosphine, dimeric M(IV) products [CpM(μ-NAr)(η(2)-BH4)]2 containing M-M single bonds were formed

Group 5 hydride and borohydride complexes supported by cyclopentadienyl-imido ligand sets.

Reactions of Cp*Ta(NAr)Cl2 and CpM(NAr)Cl2 (M = Nb, Ta; Ar = 2,6-C6H3(i)Pr2) with NaBH4 in the presence of an excess of PMe3 provided facile access to the corresponding dihydride derivatives Cp(R)M(NAr)H2(PMe3) (Cp(R) = Cp, Cp*). Reaction of Cp*Nb(NAr)Cl2 with NaBH4 in the absence of phosphine gave the Nb(+5) borohydride-hydride complex Cp*Nb(NAr)H(η(2)-BH4). When the corresponding reactions for CpM(NAr)Cl2 (M = Nb, Ta) were carried out in the absence of an excess of phosphine, dimeric M(IV) products [CpM(μ-NAr)(η(2)-BH4)]2 containing M-M single bonds were formed