Detection relic gravitational waves in thermal case by using Adv.LIGO data of GW150914

The thermal spectrum of relic gravitational waves causes the new amplitude that called `modified amplitude'. Our analysis shows that, there exist some chances for detection of the thermal spectrum in addition to the usual spectrum by Adv.LIGO data of GW150914 and detector based on the maser light (Dml). The behavior of the inflation and reheating stages are often known as power law expansion like $S(\eta)\propto \eta^{1+\beta}$, $S(\eta)\propto \eta^{1+\beta_s}$ respectively. The $\beta$ and $\beta_s$ have an unique effect on the shape of the spectrum. We find some upper bounds on the $\beta$ and $\beta_s$ by comparison the usual and the thermal spectrum with the Adv.LIGO and Dml. As this result modifies our information about the nature of the evolution of inflation and reheating stages.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Continuous Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis for Aerodynamic and Acoustic Optimization

A gradient-based shape optimization methodology based on continuous adjoint sensitivities has been developed for two-dimensional steady Euler equations on unstructured meshes and the unsteady transonic small disturbance equation. The continuous adjoint sensitivities of the Helmholtz equation for acoustic applications have also been derived and discussed. The highlights of the developments for the steady two-dimensional Euler equations are the generalization of the airfoil surface boundary condition of the adjoint system to allow a proper closure of the Lagrangian functional associated with a general cost functional and the results for an inverse problem with density as the prescribed target. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that a transformation to the natural coordinate system, in conjunction with the reduction of the governing state equations to the control surface, results in sensitivity integrals that are only a function of the tangential derivatives of the state variables. This approach alleviates the need for directional derivative computations with components along the normal to the control surface, which can render erroneous results. With regard to the unsteady transonic small disturbance equation (UTSD), the continuous adjoint methodology has been successfully extended to unsteady flows. It has been demonstrated that for periodic airfoil oscillations leading to limit-cycle behavior, the Lagrangian functional can be only closed if the time interval of interest spans one or more periods of the flow oscillations after the limit-cycle has been attained. The steady state and limit-cycle sensitivities are then validated by comparing with the brute-force derivatives. The importance of accounting for the flow circulation sensitivity, appearing in the form of a Dirac delta in the wall boundary condition at the trailing edge, has been stressed and demonstrated. Remarkably, the cost of an unsteady adjoint solution is about 0.2 times that of a UTSD solution. Unlike the Euler equation sensitivities, the Helmholtz equation requires the Hessian of the acoustic field on the control surface. Obtaining accurate Hessian information on curved surfaces is not an easy task, if not impossible. It is been shown that in the natural coordinates, the only required derivative information are the first and second order tangential derivatives of the acoustic field that can be computed very accurately by fitting the boundary variables with a cubic-spline interpolating function. If it were to be attempted, the sensitivities of the Navier-Stokes equations would also require the Hessian of the state variables. Based on above experiences, it is contended that a transformation to the trihedral coordinate system may ease the problem associated with the acquisition of accurate boundary derivative information

Plastic Packaging and the Associated Environmental Challenges. A case for a California Plastic Packaging Framework

While plastic has become an almost irreplaceable material in modern life, continuous new evidence of its adverse effects on human health and the environment is emerging. Currently there are limited options to address the negative impacts of plastic production and disposal on the environment. Plastic production and distribution creates greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, limited end-of-life waste management options for the growing plastic waste stream place a great burden on local communities and the environment. Among the many products made of plastic, packaging is the largest and fastest-growing sector. Plastic packaging that is multilayered and fused is very commonly used, yet currently there are limited recycling or reuse options. Within this framework, many local and national governments around the globe have implemented legislative tools as well as monetary tools to deal with some of the adverse impacts of plastic on the environment. While fewer countries have standards in place on what type of plastic packaging is acceptable, California might be the first to attempt to address this challenge. California, being one of the largest consumers of plastic packaging globally, is facing challenges as well. While California has been able, until recently, to export most of its plastic packaging waste to other countries to manage, shifting global waste markets, coupled with rising amounts of plastic packaging materials found in the waste stream, has made this difficult. Growing public concern about the handling of plastic waste is challenging California legislators to come up with sound solutions. This paper (1) first reviews the prevalence of different types of plastic packaging material in the California waste stream, (2) analyzes the overall recyclability of the main plastic packaging materials found, (3) discusses whether, if the general methodology proposed by CalRecycle (California Department of Resources Recycling Recovery) were to be used in a Plastic Packing Policy Framework, it would indeed prioritize the problematic and highly prevalent materials, (4) examines what policy options would be most effective given the particular challenge with high-priority materials, and (5) summarizes results. The key findings of the paper suggest that (A) a California Plastic Packaging Framework is necessary to help prioritize materials with high prevalence, high rates of growth, and with no or limited recycling options, and (B) mapping out the best policy options for challenging materials shows that a well-designed package of policies, versus a piecemeal or one-sided solution such as only focusing on increasing recycling rates can be very effective in addressing the long term challenges of plastic packaging

Atomistic Quantum Transport Simulation of Multilayer Phosphorene Nanoribbon Field Effect Transistors

Few-layer black phosphorus is a semiconductor material, where its allotrope is called phosphorene; a new two-dimensional material which is discovered in 2014. In this paper, first we use the tight-binding method to implement a matrix representation for single-layer and multilayer structures of phosphorene nanoribbon (PNR) to define the Hamiltonian of the system. Second, we investigate the band structure and the band gap of multilayer PNRs. The band gap of armchair PNRs with 16 atoms across the width of PNR for single-layer, bilayer, and three-layer structures are obtained as 1.899, 1.224, and 0.937 eV, respectively. Third, we use the atomistic description of structure to simulate the performance characteristics of single and multilayer PNR field effect transistors (PNRFETs) by employing the non-equilibrium Green\u27s function (NEGF) formalism. Based on the properties of the material and device structures, Id-Vgs, Id-Vds characteristics, energy band diagram in the channel, and ION/IOFF are analyzed. The ON to OFF current ratio for single-layer, bilayer, and three-layer PNRFETs are increasing when the channel length increases from 5 nm to 15 nm. The current ratio for single-layer increases from 1277 for Lch=5 nm to 216.7×106 for Lch=15 nm. The ION/IOFF in single-layer PNRFET is higher in comparison with those values in bilayer and three-layer PNRFETs due to very small off-current in the single-layer PNRFET which in turn resulted from its larger band gap. The results show that the performance of PNRFET changes significantly depending on the number of phosphorene layers and the length of the channel of device

Serum Hsp70 antigen: Early diagnosis marker in perinatal asphyxia

BACKGROUND: Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of mortality and permanent neurological and developmental deficit. Early and accurate diagnosis would help to establish the likely prognosis and may also help in determining the most appropriate treatment. Studies in experimental animal models suggest that a protein called Hsp70 may be a good and potentially useful marker of cellular stress that may be clinically useful in determining the presence of neonatal asphyxia. OBJECTIVES: Regarding the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of asphyxia, we conducted this study, which is the first investigation of the comparison of the serum Hsp70 antigen level between asphyxiated and healthy infants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this observational study, the serum concentrations of Hsp70 antigen were compared between neonates suffering from perinatal asphyxia (n = 50) and normal neonates (n = 51). The inclusion criteria for the cases were neonates who had reached term and had at least two clinical criteria of asphyxia. Exclusion criteria were babies with gestational age < 37 weeks, infants with congenital abnormalities or positive blood culture. Exclusion criteria in this group were the requirement to hospital stay during first week of the life or babies whose mothers had difficulties during pregnancy or delivery. Term neonates without major anomalies who had asphyxia during delivery were enrolled in the first six hours after delivery, and control group consisted of healthy term neonates without problems and normal delivery process in the first week of life. The cord blood was taken during labor to measure Hsp70 antigen level by using an in-house ELISA (The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). RESULTS: The median values of serum anti Hsp70 titers were significantly higher in asphyxiated neonates compared with non-asphyxiated neonates (0.36 [0.04 - 1.14] vs 0.24 [0.01 - 0.63]). At cutoff point = 0.3125 ng/mL, sensitivity was 58% and specificity 76% based on ROC curve. CONCLUSIONS: A significant difference between the serum concentrations of Hsp70 of the control and patient group was observed in this study. It is inferred serum concentrations of Hsp70 antigen may be a useful marker for the early diagnosis of that prenatal hypoxia

Bearings coefficients effects on chaotic and bifurcation behavior of flexible rotor systems subjected to rub-impact

This study investigates the influence of end-support conditions on the chaotic and bifurcation behavior of a rotating flexible shaft-disk system. The system is modeled as a continuous shaft with a rigid disk in its mid span whilst supported by multi-coefficients bearings. Both Coriolis and centrifugal effects due to shaft flexibility are included. The partial differential equations of motion are extracted using the Rayleigh beam theory and the assumed mode method is used to discretize them in order to be solved numerically. The analytical tools used in this work include time series, phase plane portrait, power spectrum, Poincaré map, bifurcation diagrams, and Lyapunov exponents. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of end-supports stiffness and damping coefficients on the chaotic vibration behavior of a rotating system. Periodic, sub-harmonic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic states have been observed for each case. As demonstrated, inclusion of the bearing effects can primarily change the speed ratios at which rub-impact occurs. The principal and cross-coupling stiffness and damping coefficients have quite different effects in the chaotic behavior of the system

VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF HYDROETHANOLIC TURMERIC RHIZOME EXTRACT (ZINGIBERACEAE)

Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the ethno pharmacological effect of the different doses of Turmeric rhizome hydroethanolic extract ointment (TRO), using in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo excision, incision and dead space wound models in Wistar rats. Methods: The antioxidant activity and acute toxicity studies were performed. In excision wound model, period of epithelization time and wound area were monitored on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 using graph paper. Additionally, histological evaluation was carried out on days 3, 7, 14 and 21. Incision wound modle and dead space, were perfomed for breaking strength value and hydroxyproline content. Results: The results of wound contraction and skin breaking strength a significant increased showed in wound contraction and breaking strength value rate, in all treatment groups with TRO, especially in high dose of TRO. Thus, results of histopathological evaluation showed that TRO accelerate wound healing process specifically in re-epithelization period, angiogenesis and collagen disposition in all treatment groups. Conclusion: Data revealed that ointment formulation prepared with hydroethanolic extract of Turmeric rhizome had remarkable wound healing activities